Week 1

Question 1

Functions of the heart:

Answer 1

Generating blood pressure, routing blood, and regulating blood supply.

Question 2

Generating blood pressure

Answer 2

Required for blood flow through the blood vessels

Question 3

Routing blood

Answer 3

Two pumps, moving blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 4

Regulating blood supply

Answer 4

Adjust blood flow by changing the rate and force of heart contractions as needed

Question 5

Cardiovascular system circuits

Answer 5

Pulmonary circuit and system circuit

Question 6

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 6

• right side of heart

* lungs

Question 7

Systemic circuit

Answer 7

• left side of heart

* body

Question 8

Multi layered pericardium

Answer 8

• deep two layered serous pericardium
• parietal layer
• visceral layer
• two layers separated by fluid filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)

Question 9

Parietal layer

Answer 9

Lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium

Question 10

Visceral layer (epicardium)

Answer 10

On the external surface of heart

Question 11

Layers of the heart wall

Answer 11

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 12

Epicardium

Answer 12

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 13

Myocardium

Answer 13

• spiral bundles of contractile muscle cells
• cardiac skeleton : crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
  
  • anchors cardiac muscle fibers
  • supports great vessels and valves
  • limits spread of action potentials to specific paths

Question 14

Endocardium

Answer 14

Continues with endothelial lining of blood vessels

• lines heart chambers; covers cardiac skeleton of valves

Question 15

Structure of cardiac muscles

Answer 15

• cardiomyocytes
• intercalated discs
• gap junctions

Question 16

Heart chambers

Answer 16

• four chambers:

• right and left atria
  
  • two superior chambers

• right and left ventricles
- two inferior chambers

Question 17

Histology of the heart

Answer 17

•cardiac muscle cells:
Are branched and have one centrally located nucleus
Actin and myosin are organized to form sacromeres (striated)
Normal contraction depends on extraceukar Ca2*
Rely on aerobic respiration for ATP Production
They have many mitochondria and are well supplied with blood vessels
Joined by intercalated discs
Allow action potentials to move from one cell to the next, thus cardiac cells function as a unit

Question 18

Atrium

Answer 18

Receiving chambers of the heart 
Each atrium has a protruding auricle 
Pectinate muscled mark atrial walls 
Veins entering the right atrium carry blood to the heart from the systemic circulation. 
•inferior vena cava 
•superior vena cava 
•coronary sinus 
Veins entering the left atrium carry blood to the heart from the pulmonary circulation 
Four pulmonary veins

Question 19

Ventricles

Answer 19

Discharging chambers of the heart
Papillary muscles and trabeculae carnea muscles mark ventricular walls
Arties carry blood away from the heart