Week 1 Flashcards
What type of joint is the sacro-coccygeal joint?
Fibro-cartilaginous joint
Movement at the sacro-coccygeal joint is noted with ___
Defacation, breathing, childbirth, and positional changes
The pelvic floor is supplied by the ____ nerve, which is at spinal root ____
The pelvic floor is supplied by the pudendal nerve, which is at spinal root S2-4
Layers 1-2 muscles of the pelvic floor is considered the external layer. It provides “squeeze” for ___ and “release” for ___
Layers 1-2 of the pelvic floor is considered the external layer. It provides *squeeze for continence and release for sexual penetration and elimination”
70% of layers muscles 1-2 pelvic floors are ____ and 30% are ____
70% of layers 1-2 pelvic floors are fast twitch fibers and 30% are slow twitch fibers
The front half of layers muscles 1-2 of the pelvic floor is called the ____
The front half of layers 1-2 of the pelvic floor is called the urogenital triangle
The second half of layers muscles 1-2 of the pelvic floor is called the ____
The second half of layers 1-2 of the pelvic floor is called the anorectal triangle
Layer 3 muscles of the pelvic floor is called the ____
Layer 3 muscles of the pelvic floor is called the floor of the core
Layer 3 muscles of the pelvic floor provides ___ and ____
Layer 3 muscles of the pelvic floor provides “ the lift and longer, lower load contraction”
70% of layers muscles 3 pelvic floors are ____ and 30% are ____
70% of layers muscles 3 pelvic floors are slow twitch fibers and 30% are fast twitch fibers
The pelvic floor play a role in _____ control
The pelvic floor play a role in *intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) control
What are the 3 inter-related subsystems of the spine?
- Control subsystem (Neural)
- Active subsystem (Spinal muscles)
- Passive subsystem (Spinal column, disc and ligaments)
Dysfunction in any one of the subsystems of the spine may lead to ____
Dysfunction in any one of the subsystems of the spine may lead to spinal instability
What are the functions of the vertebral column that are achieved through the spine rigidity (stability)?
- Protect the spinal cord
- Maintain upright posture
- Transmit body weight to lower members
What are the functions of the vertebral column that are achieved through the spine flexibility (mobility)?
- Acts as a shock absorber
- Provides motion for head and trunk
- Provides attachments for muscles and ligaments (stability and mobility)
What is consisted in the anterior portion of the vertebral motion segment?
- Vertebral bodies
- Intervertebral disc
- Longitudinal ligaments
What is consisted in the posterior portion of the vertebral motion segment?
- Vertebral arches
- Zygapophyseal (facet) joints
- Transverse and spinous processes
- Posterior ligaments
What are the 3 parts of the intervertebral disc?
- Annulus fibrosus
- Nucleus pulposus
- Vertebral endplate
What are the functions of intervertebral disc?
- Form intervertebral joints by joining the articulating surfaces of the adjacent vertebrae
- Allows motion
- Acts as a shock absorber (transmits body weight/axial loads)
What type of joint does the intervertebral disc make?
Fibro-cartilaginous “symphysis” joints
How does the intervertebral disc allow motion?
Two vertebrae move on each other around centers of motion that are in the intervertebral disc (mobility)
___ is 25% of the length of the vertebral column
IVD is 25% of the length of the vertebral column
The nucleus pulposes is made up of ____ and the dry components account for the ____ or ___
The nucleus pulposes is made up of 70-90% water and the dry components account for the thickness or viscosity
___ is how the disc connects with the adjacent vertebral body
Vertebral end plates is how the disc connects with the adjacent vertebral body
The vertebral endplate has a higher concentration of ____ near the vertebral bone and a higher concentration of ___ and ____ nearer to the nuucleus pulposes
The vertebral endplate has a higher concentration of collagen near the vertebral bone and a higher concentration of proteoglycans and water nearer to the nucleus pulposes
___ has 10-20 concentric lamellae, its collagen fibers run parallel, 65 degrees to vertical, and the fiber orientation alternates with each concentric layer
Anulus fibrosus has 10-20 concentric lamellae, its collagen fibers run parallel, 65 degrees to vertical, and the fiber orientation alternates with each concentric layer
The two layers of the anulus fibrosus assist with…?
The two layers of the anulus fibrosus assist with weight bearing and movement
The alternation of the anulus fibrosus fibers help provides..?
The alternation of the anulus fibrosus fibers help provides stability
What does the outer fibers of the intervertebral disc do?
Connect to ring apophysis to serve as ligaments to restrain motion
The zygapophyseal joints are formed by…?
The zygapophyseal joints are formed by inferior articular facet of superior vertebra and the superior articular facet of the inferior vertebra
What does the zygapophysial joints do?
Help guide and limit movement as the spine moves
What are the functions zygapophyseal joints
- Moderate and guide the direction and extent of segmental motion
- Protection against excessive shear of torsional forces
- Load bearing, transmit axial loads
____ is greatest in the lumbar region due to lordosis and line of gravity
Load bearing, transmit axial loads is greatest in the lumbar region due to lordosis and line of gravity
The lumbosacral angle is anterior and inferior inclination of ___. It is usually 30 degrees from _____
The lumbosacral angle is anterior and inferior inclination of sacral base. It is usually 30 degrees from horizontal
What are the factors that may increase the lumbosacral angle?
Pregnancy, obesity, postural habits
Abrupt change in facet orientation –
oblique to frontal plane
What does the lumbosacral joint limit?
Lateral flexion and rotation
What happens to the vertebrae when a person likes to stand with an anterior pelvic tilt?
L5 will move further from the horizontal and more vertically, which means that there will be greater shear forces at L5-S1, which can lead to low back pain
Motion in the vertebrae is described by ___
Motion is described by the superior segment moving on the inferior segment.
Vertebral motion is described in terms of the ____
Vertebral motion is described in terms of the
movement direction of the anterior surface of the `vertebral body.
In Fryette’s laws of vertebral motion, what is type 1 mechanics (neutral mechanics)?
- Coupled motion in OPPOSITE directions
* LF to one side is accompanied by ROT to the opposite side (L LF and R ROT)
In Fryette’s laws of vertebral motion, what is type 2 mechanics (non-neutral mechanics)?
- Coupled motion in SAME directions
* LF to one side is accompanied by ROT to the same side (L LF and L ROT)
In Fryette’s laws of vertebral motion, what is type 3 mechanics?
• Motion in one plane reduces motion in all remaining planes
What happens in vertebral flexion?
The superior vertebra rotates anteriorly around the transverse or horizontal (x) axis and translates (tilts and glides) anteriorly along the sagittal or AP (z) axis
What happens anteriorly in vertebral flexion?
- Compression of anterior disk (annulus fibrosus)
* Laxity within anterior longitudinal ligament
What happens posteriorly in vertebral flexion?
- Inferior articular process of superior vertebra moves superiorly in relation to superior articular process of the interior vertebra
- Separation of spinous processes, facet joints “open”, widening of IV facet
- Tension in the posterior disk (annulus fibrosus), facet joint capsules, PLL, etc
What happens in vertebral extension?
The superior vertebra rotates posteriorly around the transverse or horizontal (x) axis and translates (tilts and glides) posteriorly
along the sagittal or AP (z) axis
What happens anteriorly in vertebral extension?
• Tension in the anterior disk (annulus fibrosus), ALL, and anterior trunk musculature
What happens posteriorly in vertebral extension?
• Inferior articular process of superior vertebra moves inferiorly in relation to superior articular process of the interior vertebra
• Approximation of spinous processes,
narrowing of IVF, facets “close”
• Laxity in the posterior disk (annulus fibrosus), facet joint capsules, LF, PLL, IS and SS
What is the lumbar-pelvis rhythm?
Coordinated movement of the lumbar spine and pelvis during flexion – extension