Week 1 Flashcards
Nitrate therapy works by which of the following mechanisms?
Reducing both preload and afterload
propranolol
short acting beta blocker; good for controlling hypertension in setting of aortic dissection
Woman + prodrome of nausea, sweating, warmth + syncope:
vasovagal
aortic and pulmonary valve closure
S2
nicardipine
calcium channel blocker
Timolol
beta-blocker; Glaucoma
A patient presents 2 weeks following a myocardial infarction. He complains of chest pain that improves with leaning forward, fever, and malaise. Vital signs are BP 125/70, HR 105, RR 14, and pulse oxygenation 98% on room air. Lab results reveal a leukocytosis and negative troponin. ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Dressler’s syndrome or postcardiotomy pericarditis is due to an inflammatory reaction to transmural myocardial necrosis.
*May hear a friction rub on exam**
tx: NSAIDs, colchicine, and steroids
Which of the following conditions would most likely result in right axis deviation on an ECG?
Aortic valve stenosis
Chronic hypertension
Excess abdominal fat
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
- In pulmonary hypertension, the right side of the heart must work harder to overcome the increased resistance, or afterload, of the higher pressures in the pulmonary vasculature.
- This results in right ventricular hypertrophy; the direction of depolarization is now in the right axis.
A 35-year-old man is evaluated in the emergency department after being the restrained driver in a motor vehicle collision. At presentation, the patient is alert, anxious, and able to verbalize a complaint of chest pain associated with some anterior chest wall bruising. There are no gross deformities on exam. Suddenly, the patient becomes unresponsive. Telemetry shows the rhythm above. No pulse can be palpated. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
rhythm: Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
tx: chest compressions
Which of the following is the first line treatment for acute pericarditis?
NSAID like Ibuprofen or naproxen
Which of the following diseases is characterized by the presence of a delta wave on an electrocardiogram?
Wolff-Parkinson-White
The bundle of Kent.
tx: radiofrequency ablation
Malignancy + sudden onset SOB + syncope:
PE (pulmonary embolism)
What is the most frequent site of arterial embolism?
bifurcation of the common femoral artery.
In patients with a myocardial infarction, which three drugs have been shown to decrease mortality?
- Aspirin,
- beta-blockers, and
- ACE-inhibitors.
A 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a one cm laceration to the left forearm. The patient is in good health and has no other complaints. At triage the patient’s blood pressure was noted to be 155/94 mmHg; the remainder of his vital signs are normal. Following repair of the laceration, the patient’s blood pressure is rechecked and is unchanged. What is the best approach to this patient’s elevated blood pressure?
Instruct the patient to follow-up with his private physician within two months for recheck; The most common cause of transient hypertension is pain and anxiety.
For diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 115 mm Hg, the patient should be evaluated immediately.
Which of the following is commonly the first reported symptom of aortic stenosis?
Dyspnea
A 65-year-old man presents to the ED for chest pain. You are concerned for acute coronary syndrome and want to administer aspirin, but the patient states that he develops angioedema to aspirin. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Administer clopidogrel in patients with true aspirin allergies, clopidogrel should be substituted for aspirin.
A 60-year-old man presents with nighttime dyspnea. His medical history is significant for chronic hypertension. A recent echocardiogram showed an increase in left ventricular chamber volume but normal ventricular wall thickness. Based on this finding alone, which of the following medications is the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s dyspnea?
Diagnosis: Dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to chronic hypertension– these indicate likely cardiac failure
Diagnostic test: Echocardiogram
Beta-blockers for heart failure: Bisoprolol Carvedilol Metoprolol
verapamil
Calcium Channel Blocker; used for hypertension
What is the treatment of :
- hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia?
- Stable ventricular tachycardia
- Unstable: Electrical cardioversion
- Stable: procainamide, amiodarone (synchronized cardioversion if refractory)
mitral and tricuspid valve closure
S1
Metoprolol
Beta-blocker; heart failure
When considering the diagnosis of a patient with leg pain and swelling, you determine that the pretest probability of deep vein thrombosis is high. Which of the following is the most appropriate test in confirming this diagnosis?
Ultrasound; the diagnostic test for DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- Patient with a history of smoking, long distance travel, surgery, oral contraceptives use
- Complaining of unilateral leg edema, leg pain, tenderness and warmth PE may show positive Homan’s sign
- Diagnosis is made by first ultrasound, Gold Standard: venography
- Most commonly caused by stasis, hypercoagulable state, trauma (Virchow’s triad)
- Treatment is IV heparin and switch to warfarin
- Comments: Risk stratification by Well’s criteria
A patient is being evaluated for palpitations in the emergency department. An ECG reveals a short PR interval, widened QRS and slurred upstroke of the QRS complex. Which of the following is the name of bypass pathway associated with this condition?
This is describing a delta wave.
Bundle of Kent (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
Possible complication: Atrial fibrillation which may lead to ventricular fibrillation
The bundle of Kent is the bypass pathway associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, which is the most likely diagnosis in this patient. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a pattern of pre-excitation on ECG accompanied by a symptomatic tachycardia. It results from an accessory pathway that directly connects the atria and ventricles and bypasses the AV node.