Week 1-7 Flashcards by Ada Haner

Which of the Following features would likely NOT be seen in a xeriscape?

-The use of techniques to conserve water such as drip irrigation

-some of the form of ground cover or mulch

-An abundance of vegetable crops(ex. corn and tomatoes)which need quite a bit of water

-Drought tolerant plants

An abundance of vegetable crops(ex. corn and tomatoes)which need quite a bit of water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sustainable Development is:

-Development that meets your needs without worrying about the needs of others

-Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

-Development that gets the job done as quickly as possible

-Development that meets the need of others
without considering your needs

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of following pairs is incorrect?

-Spores not seeds; ferns

-Angiosperm: gingko tree

-Angiosperm: apple tree

-gymnosperm: pine tree

Angiosperm: gingko tree

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Members of the Plant Kingdom commonly reproduce via spores or seed. Which of these reproduce via spores?

-Ferns and monocots

-Ferns and mosses

-Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

-Gymnosperms and mosses

Ferns and mosses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The sector of horticulture called pomology is defined as:

-Production of vegetable crops

-Production of herb crops

-Production of floral crops

-Production of fruit crops

Production of fruit crops

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The oldest written evidence of healing with medicinal plants was:

-during the beginning of the iron age

-during the creation of The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

-during the start of The Sumerian civilization, approximately 5,000 years ago

-during the discovery of medicinal plants by Thomas Andrew Knight

during the start of the Sumerian civilization, approximately 5,000 years ago

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What term best completes this sentence:
_______________ is a term to describe living and growing plants and animals by use of patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems. It is a philosophy of working with natural forces, such as wind, sun and water, to provide food, shelter, water and other needs with minimum labor and without depleting the land.

-Crop sharing

-Xeriscaping

-Organic gardening

-Permaculture

Permaculture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Varieties and cultivars differ in that:

-Varieties are naturally occurring, while cultivars are human-made and human-maintained

-Varieties are human-made and human-maintained, while cultivars are naturally occurring

-Varieties only occur in wood plants and cultivars only occur in herbaceous plants

-There is no difference, both are human-made and human-maintained.

Varieties are natural occurring, while cultivars are human-made and human-maintained

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The term Horticulture…(select all that are correct)

-comes from the Latin words hortus cultura

-means ‘garden cultivation’

-is synonymous with agriculture

-is a term that was developed in the 1800s

comes from the Latin words hortus cultura and means ‘garden cultivation’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The scientific name of a plant species is comprised of the:

-Family and genus

-Plant Kingdom and specific epithet

-Family and cultivar

-Genus and specific epithet

genus and specific spithet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is not a name of a person considered a leader in the field of Horticulture?

Beatrix Farrand

Sally Fields

John Lindley

Lady Bird Johnson

Sally Fields

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is/are the purpose(s) of a multi-functional landscape? Select all that are true.

Provide refuge for native wildlife
To grow food for the nearby community
Provide an outdoor recreational area for families
To reduce the amount of excess rain water from running off the surface of the landscape and to filter any rain water that leaves the site.
To offset the negative impacts of human activity on the environment

All of them

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Seed germination:

-Requires viable seeds
-Requires the right light/dark conditions, the proper temperature, and oxygen
-Begins with the imbibition of water
-All of the above

All of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Underground stems:

-Have buds and nodes
-Never store food and/or water
-Include drupes, pomes, and berries
-Are found only in ferns and mosses

Have buds and nodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pollination:

-Results in senescence
-Can be carried out by wind, water, bats, and beetles
-Occurs when water comes in contract with the stamen
-Begins with imbibition of water

Can be carried out by wind, water, bats, and beetles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Photosynthesis is the primary function of:

-Tubers
-Petals
-Leaves
-Nodes

Leaves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Apical meristems are found at the tips of:

-Leaf axils and endosperm
-Root hairs and compound leaves
-Sepals and ovaries
-Roots and stems

Roots and stems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vegetative plant parts:

-Are only found in annuals
-Only occur for the first six months after germination
-Include roots, stems, and leaves
-Produce both seeds and pistils

Include roots, stems, and leaves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xylem and phloem tissue are involved in:

A. movement of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward
B. Movement of sugars from leaves throughout the plant
C. Both A & B
D. Neither A & B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dormancy:

-Is another term for dead plants
-Is only found in ferns
-Refers to a plant resting stage
-Occurs when plants are producing fruit

Refers to a plant resting stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plants that are native to the Midwest avoid winter freezing damage by:

-Moving water into their cells
-Moving water out of their cells
-Closing their stomata
-Increasing their rate of photosynthesis

Moving water out of their cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process that occurs in plants to utilize stored energy is called;

-Dormancy
-Respiration
-Photosynthesis
-Discombobulation

Respiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process whereby plants reposition their leaves to move them closer to the light is called:

-Photosynthesis
-Phototropism
-Respiration
-Vernalization

Phototropism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the source of the main force that enables towering redwood trees to move water up to the top of the tree?

-Vernalization
-Root pressure
-Transpiration from the leaves
-An internal water pumping system in the trunk

Transpiration from the leaves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What percentage of the water that is taken up by plants is used for photosynthesis? -50% -25% -Less than 5% -75%

Less than 5%

Which of the following are true about earth's atmospheric CO2 levels? -Historical CO2 levels can be determined by examining glacier ice-core data -They are currently around 406 ppm (parts per million) -They have been rapidly increasing over the past 200 years -All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT ture about flowers? -An umbel is like an umbrella with all the pedicels attaching to the stalk at the same point -A panicle is often a cluster of racemes -Flowers in the Asteraceae family are heads with disc and spray flowers -A raceme is like a spike but the individual flowers have a short stalk attaching it to the main stalk -A keel is a part of the flowers in the legume family (Fabaceae)

Flowers in the Asteraceae family are heads with disc and spray flowers

Two types of cover crops used in the Midwest growing regions include: -Cucurbits and grasses -Grains and solanaceous plants -Legumes and brassicas -Brassicas and cucurbits

Legumes and brassicas

Which of the following nutrients when used in excess can cause water quality issues? -Potassium and phosphorous -Phosphorous and Nitrogen -Nitrogen and magnesium -Nitrogen and Potassium

Phosphorous and Nitrogen

Which of the following are true? Composting at home... A. Keeps the nutrients from decomposing plant material on site, rather than shipping them away B. Is an easy way to quickly convert waste into a usable soil amendment, finished compost, in just a few days C. Improves the quality of the soil in the home garden when finished compost is applied D. All of the above E. Only A and C

Macronutrients: -are larger than micronutrients -include copper -are used in relatively large quantities by plants -are only obtained from soils

are used in relatively large quantities by plants

Which of the following is NOT true? Perlite: -is added to potting mixes to improve drainage -is from volcanic rock -adds weight to potting mixes -is white

adds weight to potting mixes

Garden soil composition (based on volume) ideally includes: A. 5% organic matter B. 25% pores containing gases C. 45% pores containing water D. All of the above except C

Which of the following represents a complete fertilizer, containing N, P, and K? A. 0-10-0 B. 10-5-7 C. 10-0-0 D. 20-0-10

Which are correct? A. Cover crops can suppress weeds from growing in the crop field B. Cover crop plants have to be cleared from the soil, such as manually raked out of a field, before the main crop be planted C. Legumes in a cover crop can increase the amount of Nitrogen available in the soil for crops planted after the crop dies D. Oats and cereal rye are species used as a cover crop

A, C, & D

Which of the following is NOT true? Fertilizer is in a liquid form when: A. it is applied through fertigation B. it is a water-soluble fertilizer C. it is dispersed through a broadcast spreader D. it is applied as an injection

Which of the following materials CANNOT be composed (will cause problems in your compost pile)? A. Coffee grounds and filter B. Small twigs C. Cat and dos waste D. fruit and vegetable scraps

From largest to smallest particle size sand clay silt

sand >silt>clay

Which of the following are important actions to take when managing a compost pile? A. Turning the pile to increase aeration B. adding water when the pile is dry C. Keeping the particle size small when adding fresh materials to the pile D. Keeping the volume of the pile large enough that the interior heats up E. All of the above

Why is it important to research what the best growing conditions for cover crops are? A. To ensure they will flower and spread seed for next year's growing season B. To get a harvestable yield from various cover crop species C. To ensure cover crop species have the optimal and appropriate growing environments for their intended purpose D. To compete with primary crops for nutrients, water, and light exposure

Compost, anhydrous ammonia, and cattle manure are commonly added to the soil with the goal of increasing which macronutrient? A. Manganese B. Calcium C. Nitrogen D. Potassium

Soil testing should be done: A. To determine the soil pH B. To determine current levels of organic matter C. To avoid wasteful applications of fertilizer D. All of the above

Soil drainage and aeration: A. Is related to soil particle size B. If poor can interfere with root cell respiration C. Is a common problem of heavy Illinois soils D. All of the above

Which is NOT something to consider when establishing a cover crop system, as mentioned in the lecture video? A. If cover crop will be allowed to flower, or bolt B. When and where is best to plant specific cover crop species C. Budget - how much money willing to spend on seed and management practices D. Species' specific requirements needed for establishment

Nitrogen promotes: A. green, leafy growth B. root growth C. fruit growth D. All of the above

Select all correct answers. If your plant is experiencing etiolation, it is: A. healthy because the stems and leaves are getting longer B. Looking pale (the foliage) and the cell walls are fragile C. Looking sparse (leaves are far apart) because the internodes are long D. Weakened because the stems and leaves are getting longer

B, C, D

Soil structure and nutrient availability can be improved by: A. Adding peat moss B. Growing cover crops C. Growing green manure D. Adding finished compost E. Increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil F. All of the above

A sustainable approach to pest control is to apply control methods when the insect is most vulnerable. Many insects are more vulnerable: A. when they are overwintering B. soon after molting C. once they are mature adults D. when they are eggs

Immature insects: A. are able to reproduce B. often cause more damage than the adult stage C. all have chewing mouthparts D. fly from plant to plant

Parasitic wasps often attack this garden pest: A. tomato hornworm B. Japanese beetle C. emerald ash borer D. spider mite

Pollinator insects... A. should be protected because they ensure the formation of fruits and vegetables for a large proportion of our food crops. B. are not susceptible insecticides. C. can be provided sources of food and habitat by inserting flowering plants within a food crop field. D. include bees, which are the most important group.

A, C, D

Pesticide signal words: A. Only occur on the most toxic pesticides B. All of the above C. Include “caution” and “warning” D. Include “drift” and “reentry period”

Drift: A. Is pesticide movement by vapor, wind, or water away from the targeted pest B. Is only a concern when applying biorational pesticides C. All of the above D. Should be encouraged so that more pests can be controlled than originally planned

A cultural pest control method include: A. Mulching planting beds to foster healthier plants B. Using predator insects C. Applying organic pest control sprays D. Spraying insects with insecticides

The three parts of the disease triangle are: A. Environment, Host and Pathogen B. Host, Pathogen and Seed source C. Environment, Temperature and Pathogen D. Pathogen, Host and Bourbon

Which of the following is a sustainable approach to managing plant diseases? Select the best option. A. Spray with a fungicide every time a plant develops a fungal disease B. Select and grow only disease-resistant plant species C. Remove a plant as soon as disease is detected on it and replace with a newly purchased plant D. Avoid watering plants because it spreads disease

How are viruses spread from plant to plant? A. Aphids B. Handling and propagation of seeds and cuttings C. Thrips D. Sucking insects E. All of the above

Which of the following are true about fire blight? A. There are no resistant plants B. It can be eradicated by applying large amounts of water C. It is caused by a bacterium D. High levels of fertility lessen the likelihood of infection

Can pesticides be used as a pest management tool in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs? A. Yes, pesticides should be the first tools used to manage pests in IPM programs. B. No, pesticides cannot used in IPM programs because IPM programs are totally organic. C. Yes, pesticides can be used as pest-management tools of last resort in IPM programs. D. Yes, but only to control insect pests.

Which of the following is not true about Powdery Mildew Disease? A. It is caused by of number of different fungal genera B. The fungus and spores can be seen with the naked eye C. It affects only plants in the pumpkin family D. The disease is not fatal

A cool-season (winter) annual weed completes its life cycle: A. In two growing seasons starting in late summer or early autumn B. None of the above C. In one growing season starting in late spring or early summer D. In one growing season starting in late summer or early autumn

Post-emergence herbicides: A. Are applied to control emerged weeds B. None of the above C. Are all systemic herbicides D. Are all contact herbicides

We control weeds in gardens because: A. Weeds can compete with desirable plants for water, mineral, and light B. Weeds can harbor insect and disease pests C. Weeds can distract from the garden’s appearance D. All of the above

Which of the following is not true? Fluoride damage on indoor plants can be managed by: A. trimming off the fluoride damaged tips of leaves B. using water without fluoride added C. repotting the plant to remove soil with accumulated fluoride D. letting the fluoride evaporate out of the water before watering the plant E. pouring enough water on the soil that excess water comes out the bottom of the pot

This indoor plant can tolerate the low light from a North-facing window: A. Aloe B. Chinese evergreen C. Schefflera D. Succulents

Interiorscaping is done for the purpose of: A. Making an indoor space more attractive and comfortable B. Adding humidity to the indoor air (expecting the plants to generate humidity) C. Supporting mental health D. All of the above E. Only A and C

After you water an indoor foliage plant, and there is water in the saucer you should: A. Leave it there for the plant to soak up so it is fully saturated B. Leave it there to increase the humidity around the plant C. Pour it out because it is full of salts that have leached out of the soil D. Leave it there to provide a water supply for insects

Fill in the blank in the following statement: Many late summer or fall flowering native plants require __________ stratification to germinate. A. Cold and moist B. Cold and dry C. Warm and moist D. Warm and dry

Identify Snake plant, Peace Lily, Chinese evergreen, Pothos

Look it up

Small seeds: A. Should be planted to a depth of 5 to 6 times the diameter of the seed B. Have large amounts of endosperm C. Have large amounts of inert matter D. Should be planted to a depth of 2 to 3 times the diameter of the seed

The most commonly used asexual propagation method is? A. Cuttings B. Grafting C. Seeding D. Layering

Semi-hardwood cuttings are: A. Taken in winter B. Taken when the new growth has begun to form wood C. Taken in early spring D. Taken when the new growth is still flexible

Properly hardening-off transplants A. Usually involves reducing soil moisture, nutrients, and temperature B. Can reduce transplant shock C. Is a cultural practice preceding transplanting D. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of direct seeding (as opposed to transplants)? A. Easier planting/more planting methods (broadcast, etc.) B. Higher rate of planting survival C. Easy transport D. Adaptable to mechanization (tractors, sowers, etc.)

Which plant species, when it is allowed to grow to it’s full size, is most likely to make an indoor space feel more like an outdoor park, providing a “tree canopy” feeling? A. Aloe B. Weeping fig C. Pothos D. Air plant

“Roundup Ready” plants are: A. always easier and more efficient to harvest. B. plants that will not survive when sprayed with glyphosate. C. able to survive when fields are sprayed with glyphosate, while the non-resistant plants (weeds) die. D. able to survive any agricultural chemicals and herbicides applied to them.

The Fourth Generation of Crop Breeding integrates biotechnology advances in the area of genome editing, with crop functional genomics, and is referred to as: A. Precision Design Agriculture or Precision Ag B. Speed Agriculture C. Biotechnical Agriculture D. Hybrid Agriculture

Orphan crops are defined as minor crop plants that have regional importance, but have not traditionally been traded globally nor have they received much attention by researchers and breeders. These plants are often: A. incapable of producing a reliable yield no matter where they are grown. B. key for food and economic security for people in developing nations and ideal candidates for crop genetic improvement. C. extremely susceptible to disease. D. not considered as candidates for next-generation breeding techniques.

What is the name of the fungus killing banana plants around the world? A. Panama disease B. Cane rust C. Gray mold D. Brown rot

Which banana variety is the most commonly consumed banana? A. Golden Beauty banana B. Lacatan banana C. Panama banana D. Cavendish banana

Why is it difficult to create a resistant version of the current variety through cross breeding? A. It is ‘seedless’ and produces very, very few seeds. B. There are no plants left that are not infected by disease. C. It produces lots of seeds, but not many are viable. D. The disease is taking over all plants, regardless of species or variety.

Cultivated plants typically have a group of common characteristics called ‘domestication syndrome traits.’ Those traits create plants with three important qualities: A. Productivity, vigorous growth, hybrid B. Uniformity, predictability, high productivity C. High sugar content, uniformity, disease resistance D. Disease resistance, uniformity, high productivity

Which of these answers is TRUE? Hybrid plants are: A. not as vigorous as the parent plants used to create the plant. B. incompatible with growing in the field and must be cultivated in a controlled environment. C. often more vigorous and resistant to diseases, have higher yields, and display other beneficial traits when compared to the parent plants. D. very rare and almost impossible to grow.

A cross-pollinated, hybrid plant has: A. Genetic information from both parents. B. Unique genetic information making it a completely new species. C. Genetic information from one dominant parent. D. A very high chance of not being able to produce seeds.

One of the first breeding methods developed in molecular biology in the 1980’s was called: A. Genetic Selection (GS) B. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) C. Marker Genetic Selection (MGS) D. Hybrid Genetic Selection (HGS)

Why were new technologies, the Third Generation of Breeding, needed in the 1980’s? A. Plant productivity dropped significantly due to environmental reasons and the equipment used became obsolete. B. Consumers weren’t buying the crops that were being grown and sold at the time and growers had to switch to suit the more popular crop demand. C. Hybrid species of cereal crops such as corn, wheat, rice could no longer increase yields fast enough to feed the growing population. D. Many plants at that time were bred to have a shorter growing habit, and harvesting technology needed to be changed to harvest the newer, shorter plants.

Genomic Selection is superior to Phenotypic Selection and Marker Assisted Selection because it is: A. more accurate and develops new crop varieties faster. B. time-consuming, but produces a better result. C. not very reliable, but when it is successful it always produces plants with a much higher yield capability. D. a more natural way to develop new crop varieties.

Though ______________ is not considered a form of genetic modification by the general public, technically humans have been altering the genetic makeup of various plant species since before recorded human history (Lecture Part 2). A. Genomic selection B. Marker assisted selection C. Traditional genomic selection D. Traditional plant breeding

Which of the following is NOT one of the three most common biotechnology methods for generating genetically modified crop plants? A. RNA interference B. Transgenics C. Hybrid genetic selection D. Gene editing

Generating Transgenic Plants: A. is also called genetic engineering. B. can change a plant’s genome using a gene gun. C. can change a plant’s genome using bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). D. were created to generate plants tolerant of herbicides. E. All of the above.