week 1-7

Question 1

Traditional model

Answer 1

• one way causation- pathogen to the host
• nonhiearchical-different levels do not interact
• physiological process
• dualistic

Question 2

Biobehavioral Model

Answer 2

• informational interchanges(thoughts about the disaese-cure)
• exchange of information( host and pathogen)

Question 3

Descartes

Answer 3

• reductionist(saat ornegi)

Question 4

Stress

Answer 4

“a bodily or mental tension
resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium
* compensation
* mismatch between perceived demands and
resources

Question 5

Hans Selye

Answer 5

• father os stress
• universal stress response pattern

Question 6

general adaptation syndrome(sELYE)

Answer 6

alarm
resistance
exhaustion
enlargement of adrenal gland(adrenaline/epinephrine

Question 7

Systems theory

Answer 7

brain constantly integrates information
hierarchically to regulate bodily
functions
interoceptive(within body)regulation unconscious

Question 8

Perceived threat stimulus

Answer 8

• autonomic or endocrine responses to
  change physiological processes in the body
• behavioral responses to change the
  environment

Question 9

transactional model of
stress and coping

Answer 9

• Cognitive appraisal - any event is potentially
  a stressor
• Primary appraisal (perceived demands):
  (threat / challenge value),
  beliefs and commitment
• Secondary appraisal (resources):
  Personal belief of capacity to reduce the stressor, by
  considering internal and external resources and
  coping potential

Question 10

acute(adaptive )s response

Answer 10

• catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline)
• glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
• increased energy

Question 11

stress-related (cortisol production) areas

Answer 11

• hippocampus
• amygdala
• Medial prefrontal
• orbifrontal cortices

Question 12

Gate Control theory & Neuromatrix model of pain

Answer 12

• multidimensional experience
• widely distributed n
• somatic sensory input is only a part

Question 13

Amygdala sensitization

Answer 13

increased hpa activity

Question 14

Somatic sensitization

Answer 14

• habituation (reduced response) → under conditions of low arousal
• sensitization (amplified response) → under conditions of high arousal (e.g.,
  stress)

Question 15

somatic sensitization
allodynia-hyperalgesia

Answer 15

• allodynia(normalde acitmayan seyler acitiyor)
• hyperalgesia(daha cok canin yaniyor)

Question 16

Stress-related emotions

Answer 16

• increased noradrenaline
• increases pain more for fibromyalgia show the same autonomic nervous system response to anger
  and sadness than healthy women, but only in
  patients this response is associated with pain

Question 17

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 17

area for pain but also activated during social exclusion

Question 18

somatic
amplification

Answer 18

isci hastaneye kaldirilir civi batmadigi anlasilir ama cani cok acimmistir.

Question 19

Cognitive sensitization

Answer 19

• More attention to and detection of internal & external pain cues
• Ambiguous internal and external information interpreted in terms of pain
• missattribution of harmless signals as pain
• More and stronger pain memory traces

Question 20

Pain-related cognitions

Answer 20

• fear of pain
• hypervigilance (strong attention to pain stimuli)
• worrying(what iff)
• catastropizing( exaggerated orientation)

Question 21

Chronic peripheral resistance

Answer 21

→ high blood pressure(prolonged)
→ cardiovascular disease

Question 22

Animals-humans

Answer 22

• animals-decreased immune response for short catstrophic stress(shock)
• humans- increased immune response for acute stress
• acute uncontrollable/ chronic stress- dysregulated immune system -low-frade inflammation .overactivation over time.

Question 23

Optimism

Answer 23

• Negative outcomes: unstable/specific/external
• Positive outcomes: stable/global/internal

Question 24

heart rate rectors

Answer 24

higher reactor hs more increase in cortisol but they subjectively evaluate of the stressor

Question 25

repetead exercise

Answer 25

trains HPA and SAM (same for Socioeconomicposition)

Question 26

Adaptive calibration model

Answer 26

adaptive under stressful conditions (harsh & unpredictable) but come with physical and mental costs( not adaptive anymore)

Question 27

social integration - support perception

Answer 27

integration- good but no buffering effects perception- good and buffer effects

Question 28

Burnout (Maslach, 1993)

Answer 28

1. emotional exhaustion 2. depersonalisation 3. reduced personal accomplishment

Question 29

Acute stress disorder

Answer 29

within 4 weeks, if longer, PTSD

Question 30

Challenge vs Hindrance stressors: a priori categorisation-perception

Answer 30

shift towards appraisal Perception

Question 31

drift hypothesis true strain-stressor hypothesis

Answer 31

* true strain-stressor-depressive symptoms –> reduced social support * drift hypothesis: individuals with ill health drift to worse jobs

Question 32

Vitamin model simple’ cause-consequence view

Answer 32

1) Constant Effect (CE) salary,safety .social status 2) Additional Decrement(AD) hypervitaminosis others are here results mixed focus on curvilinearity(not the more the better)

Question 33

Whether subjectively perceived or externally assessed, low job control is associated with an increased risk on CHD

Question 34

Job Demands – Resources (JDR) model

Answer 34

resources (a) The task (e.g., performance feedback, skill variety), (b) The organization of work (e.g., role clarity, participation in decisionmaking), (c) Interpersonal and social relations (e.g., supervisor and coworker support), and (d) Organization (e.g., salary, career opportunities)

Question 35

Demand-Induced Strain Compensation (DISC) model

Answer 35

* the ‘triple match principle’: specificity regarding demands – resources - outcomes

Question 36

Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model

Answer 36

* Effort: job demands and/or obligations that are imposed on the employee * Reward: money, esteem, and job security/career opportunities * principle of social exchange (reciprocity

Question 37

Person - Environment Fit mode

Question 38

function of brain parts

Answer 38

Important involvement of brainstem: * Regulation and integration by hypothalamus(highest control center of homeostasis) (ANS&HPA) * Involvement of pituitary (HPA)