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ArterialClass > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What disease is the primary enemy for RVTs? What does RVT stand for?

A

Atherosclerosis, Registered Vascular Technologist

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2
Q

Name the 4 major areas of diagnostic medical ultrasound

A

Vascular, Cardiac, General, Musculoskeletal

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3
Q

Name General circulation steps from the Left Ventricle to the Left Atrium

A

L. Ventricle, Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, Vena Cava, R. Atrium, R. Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs, Pulmonary Vein, L. Atrium

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4
Q

Define “Tunica”

A

a membrane or layer of body tissue

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5
Q

Name the 3 layers of the arterial wall starting with the most interior

A

Intima, Media, Adventitia

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6
Q

Name 4 characteristics of the Intima

A
  • Very thin inner layer
  • single layer of endothelial cells
  • Permeable (allows for nutrient and molecule exchange)
  • Anti-thrombogenic
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7
Q

Define “Anti-trombogenic”

A

Prevents platelets and monocytes from sticking to the wall and forming a thrombus

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8
Q

What is the thickest layer of the arterial wall?

A

The Media

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9
Q

What is the Media layer made up of?

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue

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10
Q

What two actions does the media layer allow arteries to perform?

A

Constriction and dilation

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11
Q

What makes the Adventitia layer so strong?

A

White fibrous connective tissue and collagen fibers

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12
Q

Muscle and elastic fibers give Arteries 2 important properties: ______________ and ____________.

A

Elasticity and Contractillity

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13
Q

What forces blood downstream as the ventricles relax?

A

Elastic recoil of Arteries

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14
Q

Why do arties expand upon ventricular contraction?

A

to accommodate the extra rush of blood

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A
  • Large vessels (elastic arteries)
  • Medium arteries (muscular arteries)
  • Arterioles (resistance vessels)
  • Capillaries (functioning vessels)
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16
Q

What is the interconnected network that provides for constant blood flow?

A

the capillary bed

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17
Q

Name the term for when an artery branches into two arteries

A

Bifurcation

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18
Q

Name the 3 Arterial Segments of the LE

A

Aorto-Iliac (AI), Femoral-Popliteal (FP), Infrapopliteal (or Tibial, IP)

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19
Q

Which of these arteries does NOT carry oxygenated blood?

a. Aorta
b. Internal iliac artery
c. Pulmonary artery
d. Arterioles

A

C. Pulmonary Artery

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20
Q

Match the following and choose the correct answer for the group.

Structure Match to definition Definition

  1. Media A. Inner layer
  2. Lumen B. Outer layer
  3. Adventitia C. Middle layer
  4. Intima D. Opening inside tube

a. C,D,A,B
b. D,C,A,B
c. A,B,C,D
d. C,D,B,A

A

D. C,D,B,A

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21
Q

Which of these arterial layers is very thin and includes a single layer of endothelial cells?

a. Intima,
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

A. Intima

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22
Q

Which arterial layer is thickest and has the most elastic quality?

a. Intima,
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

B. Media

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23
Q

Which arterial layer is the strongest?

a. Intima
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

C. Adventitia

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24
Q

Which of these arteries feeds the thigh muscles?

a. Internal iliac
b. Common femoral
c. Superficial femoral
d. Deep (profunda) femoral

A

D. Deep (profunda) femoral

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25
Q

The distal end of the common femoral artery is at which of these locations?

a. External iliac
b. Inguinal ligament
c. SFA/DFA split
d. Popliteal

A

C. SFA/DFA split

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26
Q

The popliteal artery ends at which of these locations?

a. SFA
b. ATA origin
c. PTA origin
d. PER A origin

A

B. ATA Origin

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27
Q

Where is the common femoral artery relative to the common femoral vein?

a. Lateral to vein
b. Medial to vein
c. Superficial to vein
d. Deep to vein

A

A Lateral to vein

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28
Q

Which structure indicates the end of the external iliac and the origin of the common femoral artery?

a. Common femoral bifurcation
b. Inguinal ligament
c. Iliac artery bifurcation

A

B. Inguinal Ligament

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29
Q

The SFA ends at the _____________________ canal.

A

Adductor

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30
Q

Name 8 risk factors for developing Atherosclerosis

A

Age, Male, Family Hx, Smoking, Obesity, HTN, HLD, DM

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31
Q

Name 4 major symptoms from peripheral arterial obstruction from atherosclerosis

A

Claudication, Ulcers, Rest Pain, Gangrene

32
Q

What is the most common disease in the lower extremity arteries?
a. Atherosclerosis c. Dissections

b. Aneurysms d. DVT

A

A. Atherosclerosis

33
Q

If a patient complains of pain in the leg when they walk, which of the following questions is the LEAST IMPORTANT question to ask to further describe the symptoms?

a. How far can you walk before you need to stop? What causes you to stop?
b. Does the pain go away once you stop a while?
c. Which leg and what part of the leg is affected?
d. Do you have shortness of breath?

A

D. Do you have shortness of breath?

34
Q

If a patient has claudication in his left calf at 2-blocks, what is the likely location of his arterial obstruction?

a. Aorto-iliac
b. Femoral-popliteal
c. Tibial
d. Pedal (foot)

A

B. Femoral-Popliteal

35
Q

If a patient complains of her entire right lower extremity getting extremely weak after walking only a half block, what is the likely location of the obstruction?

a. Aorto-iliac
b. Femoral-popliteal
c. Tibial
d. Pedal (foot)

A

A. Aorto-Iliac

36
Q

What is the most common location for atherosclerosis in the LE?

a. Proximal thigh
b. Distal thigh
c. Behind knee
d. Calf

A

B. Distal thigh

37
Q

Which of these is not a typical sign of true LE rest pain from arterial ischemia?

a. Very severe pain
b. Located in feet and/or toes
c. Early sign is pain in the foot at night
d. Elevating the leg alleviates the pain
e. Foot is ice cold

A

D. Elevating the leg alleviates the pain

38
Q

Pulses are typically palpated in all of the following locations in the LE EXCEPT __________.

a. CFA
b. SFA
c. POP A
d. PTA
e. DPA

A

B. SFA

39
Q

Define Atherosclerosis

A

athero - artery

schlerosis - hard

40
Q

Where does AS most commonly occur in the LE?

A

the distal thigh (adductor canal)

41
Q

Where causes artery walls to become harder, thicker, and less elastic?

A

Plaque build up which blocks blood flow and deprives tissues of O2 and nutrients

42
Q

Where does plaque typically build up?

A

Bifurcations

43
Q

What is plaque made up of?

A

Cholesterol/fat, Ca 2+, Smooth muscle cells, Necrotic Cell debris

44
Q

Symptoms of AS occur at the plaque build up location. T/F

A

False. Symptoms will occur distally to plaque build up location.

45
Q

What causes symptoms of AS?

A

Tissues not getting enough nutrients or O2

46
Q

What does PAD stand for?

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

47
Q

What are the symptoms of PAD?

A

Claudication, Rest Pain, Ulceration, Gangrene

48
Q

What causes the pain of claudication?

A

Increased O2 and nutrient demand of muscle cells due to exercise

49
Q

Claudication pain can occur from standing or sitting as well as exercise. T/F

A

False. Only from working the muscles

50
Q

Where are common locations for Claudication pain?

A

the muscles of calf, thigh, hip, buttock

51
Q

If claudication pain occurs in the distal leg or foot, the obstruction is probably located where?

A

The Tibial or infrapopliteal segment

52
Q

If claudication pain occurs in the buttock, hip and thigh, the obstruction is probably located where?

A

the aorto-iliac segment

53
Q

If claudication pain occurs in the calf, the obstruction is probably located where?

A

the femoral-popliteal segment

54
Q

What term means “opposite side”

A

contralateral

55
Q

Give some characteristics of Pseudoclaudication

A
  • brought on by standing or sitting
  • pain down side or back of LE, knee or ankle
  • Sharp, shooting pain (rather than cramping)
56
Q

When does Rest pain occur?

A

when blood flow is insufficient to maintain normal cell function at rest

57
Q

What is the term for “deficient supply of blood to a tissue due to obstruction of flow”?

A

Ischemia

58
Q

Give some characteristics of Rest Pain

A
  • Typically located in foot and toes
  • pain is severe and unrelenting
  • relief by hanging foot off of bed
  • indication of multi-segment obstructions
59
Q

What are the “end stage” symptoms of arterial obstruction?

A

Ulcers and Gangrene

60
Q

What 5 things should be assessed during a sonographer’s physical exam?

A

Color, Swelling, Lesions, Skin Appearance, Pulses

61
Q

Define “Pallor”

A

White/pale color due to low blood supply

62
Q

Define “Rubor”

A

Dark red color due to damaged or dilated vessels

63
Q

Define “Cyanosis”

A

Blue color due to concentration of deoxygenated HgB

64
Q

What is “Blue toe syndrome”

A

a painful blue toe resulting from a microemboli at the toe or foot level

65
Q

Patients with rest pain will often also present with what other symptom?

A

icy cold foot

66
Q

Name three trophic changes

A
  • Scale-like, shiny, or dry skin
  • Hair loss
  • Thickened toe nails
67
Q

What’s the difference between arterial and venous ulcers?

A 
Arterial = very painful, feet and toes, No swelling
Venous = not painful, gaiter area, Swelling surrounds the ulcer
68
Q

pulse sites

A

Aorta, CFA, POPA, DPA and PTA, Brachial, Abdominal

69
Q 
Pulse Scale
0 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3 = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4+ = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
0 = no pulse
1 = weak pulse
2 = good pulse
3 = strong pulse
4+ = bounding pulse
70
Q

Define “bruit”

A

sound caused by vibrations in the tissue due to turbulent flow at a narrowed artery, sound increases with decreased lumen size

71
Q

Absence of a bruit indicates an absence of a blockage. T/F

A

False. A completely occluded artery will NOT produce a bruit.

72
Q

All other components of the circulatory system exist only to serve the _______________.

A

Capillary beds

73
Q

Buttock claudication strongly suggests a blockage in ______________ segment

A

aortoiliac

74
Q

Thigh claudication strongly suggests a blockage in the _____________ segment

A

distal external iliac / common femoral

75
Q

The five Ps for Acute Arterial occlusion are

A

Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis (polar for cold) (purplish for cyanosis)

76
Q

Beebe’s nemonic for Physical Exam

CTL CT EL =

A 
Color
Temperature
Lesions
Capillary filling
Trophic changes
Elevation dependency

ArterialClass (10 decks)

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