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MBChB II Microbiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 examples of bacteria that stain red with blue dye due to inorganic phosphates in the cytoplasm

A

Corynebacterium

Acinetobacter

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2
Q

Name virulence factors

A

Ordinary pili, sex pili, glycocalyx, cell wall, flagella, DNA plasmids, siderophores

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3
Q

Protein binds to molecule and chemically modifies it

A

Group translocation

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4
Q

Functions of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

A

Selective permeability, excretion, respiratory chain enzymes, biosynthesis, chemotactic receptors

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5
Q

The cell wall determines what?

A

Gram +/- and shape, strength and osmotic pressure of cell

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6
Q

Which bacteria do not have a successfull gram stain?

A

Intracellular (Chlamydia)

No cell wall (mycoplasma and ureaplasma)

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7
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is found only in ___ cell walls

A

Gram -

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8
Q

Lipopolysaccharide structure

A

Lipid A, core polysaccharide, outer polysaccharide

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9
Q

Endospore examples

A 
Bacilli spp (stringently aerobic)
Clostridium spp (anaerobic)
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10
Q

The biofilm is a ___

A

Polysaccharide matrix

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11
Q

Aerobe examples

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacillus anthracis

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12
Q

Anaerobe examples

A

Clostridium botulinim

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13
Q

Facultative anaerobes examples

A

Escherichia coli
Shigella dysenteria
Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

Microaerophelic

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

Generation time

A

Time it takes for bacterial population to double

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16
Q

Exotoxin production occurs during which pase?

A

Log phase

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17
Q

Common strategy of stationary phase?

A

Turn on virulence genes (change conditions or defense against host)

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18
Q

Which compounds inhibit bacterial synthesis of folic acid?

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

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19
Q

Target for the production of many toxins`

A

Catalysing ADP-ribosylation

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20
Q

In peptidoglycan synthesis, what is the carrier on the cell membrane?

A

Bactoprenol

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan synthesis

A 
UDP
NAM
Bactoprenol
NAG
Long chain
Transpeptidases
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22
Q

Monocistronic

A

Promoter

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23
Q

Polycistronic

A

Operon

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24
Q

Sigma factor helps recognise promoter in ___?

A

Transcription

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25
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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26
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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27
Q

Bacterial transcription steps

A

Initiation: Shine-Dalgarno site near AUG
Elongation: Translocation
Termination: UAA, UAG, UGA

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28
Q

Antimicrobial agent that inhibits unwinding of DNA during replication

A

Quinolones

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29
Q

Antimicrobial agent that inhibit peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)

Glycopeptides

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30
Q

Antimicrobial agent that inhibits RNA polymerase

A

Rifampicin

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31
Q

Inducible proteins

A

When lactose is present

32
Q

Constitutive proteins

A

When glucose is present

33
Q

Primary site of control in prokaryotes?

A

Transcription

34
Q

These drive prokaryotic gene expression

A

Promoters

35
Q

Prokaryotic genes are arranged in?

A

Operons

36
Q

Positive transcription control

A

A protein binds to the DNA which increases transcription

37
Q

Negative transcription control

A

A protein binds to the DNA which decreases transcription

38
Q

Induction

A

Genes get turned on (usually catabolic)

39
Q

Repression

A

Genes get turned off (usually anabolic)

40
Q

Normal vaginal flora

A

Lactobacillus

41
Q

Normal intestinal flora

A

Bacteroides

42
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Attacks connective tissue and prevents cell-cell adhesion

43
Q

Collegenase

A

Attacks collegen (necrotising fascitis, gas gangrene)

44
Q

Which substance allows for toxoid development

A

Formaldehyde

45
Q

Exotoxin examples

A 
Corynebacterium diptheria
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin (group A beta haemolytic strep)
Staphyloccus aureus (TSS)
Vibrio cholera 
Staphylococcus food poisoning (enterotoxin A - E)
46
Q

Endotoxin example

A

Lipid A of gram - LPS

47
Q

Obligate intracllular bacteria

A

Rickettsia
Coxiella
Brucella spp

48
Q

Facultative intracellular bacteria

A

Myobacterium
Listeria
Staphylococcus

49
Q

Example of bacteria with special phagolysosome mechanism

A

Myobacterium

50
Q

Inducible proteins

A

When lactose is present

51
Q

Constitutive proteins

A

When glucose is present

52
Q

Example of mo that coats in human proteins and not recognised

A

Bilharzia parasites

53
Q

These drive prokaryotic gene expression

A

Promoters

54
Q

Prokaryotic genes are arranged in?

A

Operons

55
Q

Positive transcription control

A

A protein binds to the DNA which increases transcription

56
Q

Negative transcription control

A

A protein binds to the DNA which decreases transcription

57
Q

Induction

A

Genes get turned on (usually catabolic)

58
Q

Repression

A

Genes get turned off (usually anabolic)

59
Q

Normal vaginal flora

A

Lactobacillus

60
Q

Normal intestinal flora

A

Bacteroides

61
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Attacks connective tissue and prevents cell-cell adhesion

62
Q

Collegenase

A

Attacks collegen (necrotising fascitis, gas gangrene)

63
Q

Which substance allows for toxoid development

A

Formaldehyde

64
Q

Exotoxin examples

A 
Corynebacterium diptheria
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin (group A beta haemolytic strep)
Staphyloccus aureus (TSS)
Vibrio cholera 
Staphylococcus food poisoning (enterotoxin A - E)
65
Q

Endotoxin example

A

Lipid A of gram - LPS

66
Q

Obligate intracllular bacteria

A

Rickettsia
Coxiella
Brucella spp

67
Q

Facultative intracellular bacteria

A

Myobacterium
Listeria
Staphylococcus

68
Q

Example of bacteria with special phagolysosome mechanism

A

Myobacterium

69
Q

Relapsing fever

A

Borrelia recurrentus

70
Q

Antigenic heterogeneity

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Vibrio cholera
Salmonella

71
Q

Example of mo that coats in human proteins and not recognised

A

Bilharzia parasites

72
Q

Example of immune injury

A

Rheumatic fever (host response to microorganism)

73
Q

Examples that code for virulence genes

A

Plasmids

Bacteriophages

74
Q

Carry out gene integration into bacterial chromosome

A

Phages

75
Q

Bacteria that are transformation competent

A

Pneumococci
Neisseria
Bacillus subtilus

76
Q

Bacteria that require bacteriophages to become pathogenic

A 
Vibrio cholera
Escherichia coli
Clostridium botulinum
Corynebacterium diptheria
Streptococcus pyogenes

MBChB II Microbiology (1 decks)

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