Week 1-6 Flashcards
What are the big five personality traits?
O- Openness
C- Conscientiousness
E- Extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neuroticism
What is the ‘Me’?
The ‘Me’ is when you think about who you are, your past experiences, your personality, and what you want to do in the future.
- The ‘Me’ refers to the reflective aspect of the self.
What are self-referent thoughts?
Thoughts we have about ourselves.
These thoughts can influence self-esteem and self-concept.
What is the ‘I’?
The ‘I’ is the more active aspect, the knower, the decision maker, and the part of us that motivates us to act.
What is the ‘self’?
The ‘self’ encompasses all aspects that define an individual
Identity, values, memories, relationships, actions, unique aspects.
What is ‘cognition’ in the context of self-concept?
Thinking (self-concept) which is how you think about yourself including your thoughts, beliefs and feelings.
What is reflexive consciousness?
Ability to be aware of one’s own cognition, emotional and behavioural processes.
What is executive function?
A set of mental skills that enables us to manage tasks and decision making (e.g. quitting smoking).
What is self-concept?
The sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves.
What is self-esteem?
Feeling which is a positive or negative thought on one’s own worth.
What are Baumeister’s 3 roots of selfhood?
- Reflexive Consciousness
- Interpersonal Aspect
- Executive Function
What is the interpersonal aspect?
How individuals form, maintain and navigate social interaction and relationships
What is phenomenology?
The study of perception.
What is self-awareness?
The act of thinking about ourselves.
What is self-schema?
Beliefs about the self that organise and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect?
When people are not competent enough to know how incompetent they are (when people are too stupid to know how stupid they are).
What is impact bias?
People overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional responses, especially to negative events.
What is self-perception theory?
When we are not sure how we think about a situation we can try to observe our behaviour to see how we feel about a situation.
What is introspection?
The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings and motives.
What is Affect Forecasting?
People have difficulty projecting forward and predicting how they would feel in response to future emotional events.
What is misattribution of arousal?
When one experiences psychological arousal and mistakenly attributes this arousal to a person or situation that did not cause the arousal.
(the bridge example)
What is vicarious self-perception?
We can learn about ourselves by observing others who are similar to us.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
We learn about our emotional states from our facial expressions.
If we are not sure how we feel we can look at our body and facial expressions.
What is upward social comparison?
Comparing ourselves to those who might be doing ‘better’ than us, which can make us feel badly about ourselves.
What is BIRGing?
Basking in reflected glory
What is a BIRGing example?
Supporting a sports team, their accomplishment and success becomes your success.
What is downward social comparison?
The defensive tendency to selectively compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are, making us feel positive about ourselves.
When is upward comparison positive?
When you look at someone doing better and you want to do better like them.
This serves as motivation.
What is delayed gratification?
The ability to postpone an immediate gain in favor of a greater reward later.
Example: marshmallow experiment.
What is self-regulation?
Our ability understand and manage your own behaviour and reactions
Ego depletion
Self control is a limited resource - if we lose self control in one area, we lost self control in other areas (completing gym = lazy day)
What is self affirmation?
Positive traits about ourselves to broaden our sense of self = makes a challenge or threat seem smaller (ice bucket)
What are Ironic processes?
The harder you try not to think about something, you are more likely to think about it (judge and jury)
What is the pendulum study?
Round 1 - pendulum
Round 2 - + ‘don’t point it horizontally’
Round 3 - + + count backwards from 1000 in 7s
When is downward comparisons negative?
When you gain the fear that you could end up the same way as the person who has less than you \ someone close to you experiences something bad so you feel bad
What did ferstinger do?
He came up with the social comparison theory
Who is Charles Cooley?
He created the looking glass self theory
What is symbolic interactionism?
Meanings attached to human interaction (verbal and non-verbal) and symbols
What is the looking glass self?
Other people serve as a mirror in how we see ourselves
Who is Dutton and Aron?
misattribution of arousal theory
What is Intrinsic motivation?
Internal motivation - personally fulfilling, there’s no external reason
What is Extrinsic motivation?
External reward (you get offered an art job - you love it - external reward of money = you no longer do art for fulfilment but you do it for money = you are reliant on the pay check = no longer love art)
What are Positive illusions? (rose tinted glasses)
Being overly optimistic, only looking at positive (this is adaptive because it maintains our mental health as things seem better than it is)
What did Taylor and brown discover?
That normal people show systematic distortions in how they see themselves - mentally ill people were more realistic and had less bias
What are thoughts we have about ourselves called?
Self-referent thoughts
These can be negative or positive thoughts on our self-worth.
What is being conscious of your own cognition, emotional and behavioural processes referred to?
Reflexive consciousness
This involves awareness of one’s own mental state.
What are organized beliefs about us which help guide us in social experiences?
Self-schema
These beliefs influence how we interpret social interactions.
What is the sum total of beliefs that you have about yourself?
Self-concept
What mental skills allow us to manage tasks and decision making?
Executive function
What is the study of perception called?
Phenomenology
This field explores the structures of experience and consciousness.
What is the phenomenon when you are too incompetent to know how incompetent you are?
Dunning-Kruger effect
What are
-interpersonal aspect
-executive function
-reflexive consciousness
the three roots of selfhood according to Baumeister
how we form, maintain, and navigate social interactions and relationships. - what is this called?
Interpersonal aspect
What is negative or positive thoughts on our self worth?
Self esteem
What is it called when you predict how you feel in future events?
Affect forecasting
Affect forecasting refers to the ability to predict one’s future emotional states.
What is it called when you observe your behaviour to see how you feel about a situation?
Self-perception theory
Self-perception theory suggests that individuals determine their attitudes and feelings by observing their own behavior.
What is it when someone mistakenly assigns arousal to a person or situation that did not cause the arousal?
Misattribution of arousal
Misattribution of arousal occurs when an individual incorrectly identifies the source of their emotional arousal.
What is it called when you think that you will be set for life when you win the lottery but the happiness only lasts for a few weeks?
Impact bias
Impact bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the duration and intensity of future emotional responses.
What is it when you look inward to inspect your own thoughts, feelings, and motives?
Introspection
Introspection is the examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.
What is it when we can learn about ourselves by observing others who are similar to us?
Vicarious self-perception
Vicarious self-perception involves gaining insights into one’s own traits and behaviors by observing those of similar others.
What is it called when we learn how we feel from our facial expression and body language?
Facial feedback hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
What is BIRGing?
BIRGing stands for ‘Basking In Reflected Glory’, where individuals associate themselves with successful others to boost self-esteem.
What is it called when you have the ability to manage your own behaviour and reactions
Self-regulation
You want to be an influencer; someone has 1 million followers and you feel bad because you have 2000, what is this called?
Upward social comparison
What is it called when you feel better about your grade because someone else did worse?
Downward social comparison
What is the marshmallow experiment related to?
Delayed gratification
This experiment tests the ability to resist immediate rewards for greater rewards in the future.
When you go to the gym and use up self-control, then do nothing for the rest of the day, what is this called?
Ego depletion
refers to the idea that self-control is a limited resource that can be exhausted.
Your friend gets a reward - this makes you happy and want to do better - and u can see yourself getting the awarded in the future so your happy for them
When upward social comparison is positive
What is it called when you have the ability to manage your own behaviour and reactions
Self regulation
What is it when you go to the gym and you use up your self control, then you go home and do nothing for the rest of the day
Ego depletion
You get cheated on and he starts dating a pretty girl, you start telling yourself all the good things about you to make that threat smaller - what is this called?
Self affirmation
Judge and jury
Ironic processes
When you see someone get a bad grade and instead of feeling better about yourself you feel sad, especially when it’s someone close to you/fear that you could end up the same way
When downward comparison are negative
Who came up with the social comparison theory
Ferstinger
Who created the looking glass-self theory
Charles Cooley
What are the meanings attached to human interaction and symbols
Symbolic interactionism
If you walk into a room and everyone runs from you, and you now think you’re scary what is this called?
The looking glass self theory
Who created the misattribution of arousal theory
Dutton and Aron
What is it called when you are engaging in doing art because it is something you love to do
Intrinsic motivation
When you engage in art because you’re getting payed to do it
Extrinsic motivation
What is it called when you view everything as more positive than it really is
Positive illusions
(Rose tinted glasses)
Who discovered the theory where normal people show systematic distortions in how they see themselves and mentally ill people have less bias
Taylor and Brown
What is the sociometer theory?
Enables us to detect if we are fitting in our social group or not. Sociometer will be high if we are fitting in or low if we are not.
What is the terror management theory?
When we are aware that our death is inevitable
What is the better than average effect?
People tend to think highly of themselves
What is mortality salience?
When you’re inevitable death is made to you and brought to your attention (example: walking by a cemetery reminds you that you will also die one day)
What’s is self serving bias?
We take credit for our success and deny responsibility from our failures (example: when we do well we give ourself credit but if we fail we blame outside factors)
What is unrealistic optimism?
Overestimate that chances of good things happening to us and underestimate the chances of bad things happening to us.
What is self- handicapping?
We make an excuse in advance for potential future failures (example: you go into a test saying you have a headache or you slept poorly so if you do bad on the test that is why)
