Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immuno > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiation factors for Myeloid Progenitors

A

IL-3, SCF, GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentiation factors for Lymphoid Progentitors

A

IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiation factors for Monocytes

A

GM-CSF, and M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

Macrophages and Myeloid Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Differentation factors for Basophils

A

IL4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Differentiation factor for Neutrophils

A

G-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentiation factor for Eosinophil

A

IL5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiation factor for T Lymphocytes

A

IL2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differentiation factor fof B Lymphocytes

A

IL3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do plasma cells come from

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lineage of Myeloid cells

A

Basophils, Mast cells, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Erythocytes, Platelets, megakarocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lineage of Lymphoid cells

A

NK cells and T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do plasma cells come from

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 leukocytes (WBC) common progenitors

A

myeloid and lymphiod cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What attracts HSCs

A

chemical gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What niche do HSCs consist of

A

osteoblasts and sinusoidal endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do all cells of the immune system come from

A

HSC progenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Innate WBCs

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells & NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of stromal cells

A

provide structural, and chemical support by making growth factors that enable the bone marrow to establish chemical gradients that home HSCs or inform growth, differntiation and self renewal. Can increase WBC and RBC production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adaptive WBCs

A

B & T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare and contrast Adaptive Vs innate immunity

A 
Innate: 
Immediately functional, minimal lag time
Not specific
No resulting memory after the response
These are neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells & NK cells

Adaptive:
Specific for one pathogen
Response results in immunological memory & protective immunity
These are your B & T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophils 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe physical characteristics of neutrophil

A

3-4 nuclear lobes, PMNs, stain light pink have granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neutrophil fxn

A

Is a phagocyte, not found in healthy tissue, broad killing, migrates to site of infection, otherwise they circulate, die after 1 round of phagocytosis, can participate in extracellular pathogen killing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does a neutrophil kill by phagocytosis

A

bacteria binds neutrophil and this initiates release of cytokines and lipid mediators. the bacteria is engulfed and acidified in the phagosome. Lysosomes (granules) fuse with the neutrophil and enzymes and antimicrobials are released so pathogen is destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

3 ways neutrophils kill

A

Phagocytosis, Degranulation, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neutrophil granules (PMN) degranuate otehr antimicrobial substances via what mechanisms

A

direct or toxic enzymatic activity (primary granules)

free radical formation (secondary granules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

A

Use chromatin to form traps/nets that capture microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

main functions of monocytes/macrophages

A

phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells, scavengers that clean up and dispose pathogens and infected cells targeted by adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Local vs systemic activation of mactophages

A

Local- TNF-A released into tissue, increased migration of lyphocyte and phagocyte to tisssue. Increased platelet adhesion to blood vessel wall, bacteria is phagocyzed , local vessel occlusion, and plasma and cells drain to lymph.

Systemic- Tnf-A released into blood stream, systemic edema decreaes blood volume, vessels collapse, intravascular wasting and multiple organ failure leads to death. (seen in sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe dendritic cells

A

phagocytic and reside n tissues, no phagolysosome. have a lot of receptors. they activate T cells and are APCs- they initiate adaptive immunity

32
Q

How to dendritic cells mature

A

They are immature in the tissue, but migrate via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes and mature there to activate T cells

33
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

highly toxic, take care of things too large from macrophages and neutrophils, found in tissue (respiratory, GI, urogen), release free radicals and toxic chemicas

34
Q

what do eosinophils release

A

free radicals, toxic chemicals, prostaglandins, leukotreins, cytokines that amplify inflammatory response.

35
Q

Why is excess esosinophil response dangerous

A

they are damaging rather than protective so cause damage in chronic allergy

36
Q

cells that protect against parasites and allergy

A

eosinophils and basophils.

37
Q

Describe Mast cells

A

granular, in tissue (skin, intestines and airway), line external mucosa, have receptors for antibodies involved in allergy, granules contain histamine and proteases

38
Q

How do eosinophils participate with other cells

A

their degranulation releases major basic protein that cauese degranulation of mast cells and basophils.

39
Q

what do basophils release

A

IL4 and IL13

40
Q

main role of mast cells

A

protect surfaces from parasites like worms

41
Q

Mast cell allergy response

A

lead to rhinitis, swollen eyes or life threathening anaphylaxis- mast cell deganuaion recruite T helper 2 lymphosites, eosinophils and basophils.

42
Q

NK cell invariant receptor

A

lack antigen specific receptors- can kill tumor cells and herpes (are innate and not adaptive

43
Q

NK cells vs macrophages

A

NK cells contain viral infects so T cells can expand and they induce apoptosis not phagocytosis- they release granules on the surface of the cell. NK cells target cells that lact MHC I signal

44
Q

Cells with variant receptors

A

T and B cells

45
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A

Have memory, highly variable antigen receptors on surface, each binds a unique thing, so population is very diverse in terms of AP sites, small circulating,

46
Q

Describe B cells-

A

Binds antigen and differntiate into plasma cell that secrete antibodies that neutralize pathogen and can activate T cells with helpter T cells

47
Q

Types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic- kill virus infected cells
Helper T cells- provide cytokines that activate B cells or macrophages for cell killing
Regulatory T cell- suppress activity of immune cells to limit damage

48
Q

Contrast Central lymphiod tissue from peripheral lymphiod tissue

A

the central lymphoid tissue which includes the bone marrow & the thymus, and the peripheral lymphoid tissue which includes the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.

49
Q

Pathway for dendritic cell

A

DCsits under surface of most epithelia and solid organs and sample environment (in tissue). recognizes a pathogen (4-6 days) and lymphocytes brought to lymph nodes by chemokines. DC finds T cell in lymph tissue and presents a piece of the antigen. T cell differentiates into effector cell and goes to lymphatics, blood stream into subclavian vein , and blood vessels to site of inflamed tissue and instructs macrophages and other cells for killing. Then T cell dies or becomes a memory cell.

50
Q

Primary follicle vs secondary follice

A

primary follicel- non activated B cell

Secondary- B cells differentiating into PCs or memory cells and proliferating

51
Q

Where do B cells localize

A

in the follices that make up teh outer cortex of the lymph node

52
Q

Functions of spleen

A

collects antigen from blood and is involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens, and collects and disposes old RBCs
Immune responses to blood-borne pathogens (white pulp)
RBC Disposal & Iron recycling (red pulp)
Secondary Hematopoiesis (if needed)

53
Q

2 main areas of spleen

A

The splenic parenchyma is anatomically and functionally divided into red pulp, which is composed mainly of blood-filled vascular sinusoids, and lymphocyte-rich white pulp.

54
Q

Describe White Pulp

A

Site of lymphocyte entry, organized around central arterioles that drain into the marginal sinus, blood pathogens are brought to the marginal sinus by circulating dendritic cells or opsonized and sampled by marginal zone macrophages.

55
Q

Describe Red Pulp

A

macrophages that cleanse the blood of pathogens, especially bacteria, and dead red blood cells (erythrocytes). For this reason, most of the immune system work of the spleen occurs within the red pulp.

56
Q

Primary vs secondary lymphoid organ

A

primary- thymus and bone marrow

secondary- lymph node, spleen, tonsil

57
Q

lymphocytes and lymph return to blood

A

thoracic duct- forms interface between blood and lymph

58
Q

naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes

A

blood

59
Q

Paracortical area of lymph node consists mainy of

A

T cells

60
Q

Clonal selection

A

n clonal selection, an antigen is presented to many circulating naive B and (via MHC) T cells, and the lymphocytes that match the antigen are selected to form both memory and effector clones of themselves. … Clonal selection may also be used during negative selection during T cell maturation.

61
Q

2 cell types that pluripotent Stem cells give rise to

A

common lymphoid progenitor which gives rise to the lymphoid lineage and common myeloid progenitor which gives rise to myeloid lineage

62
Q

neutrophil extracellular traps

A

help to immobilize extracellular pathogens

63
Q

what are tissue macrophages derived from

A

circulating monocytes

64
Q

what are the roles of tissue macrophages

A

participate in first line defense via phagocytosis, produce cytokines and recruit more cells to site of invasion

65
Q

what does it mean for B and T cells to have a variant receptor

A

they have highly diverse antigen binding sites

66
Q

lymph nodes

A

place where lymphocytes and APCs meet to exchange info. can become activated and effector cells or remain naive after leaving lymph node

67
Q

what attracts lymphocytes and DCs to lymph nodes

A

chemokines

68
Q

where do lymphocytes enter in the lymph node

A

paracortical areas

69
Q

where do B and T cells localize in the lymph node

A

B- outer cortex

T- paracortical area

70
Q

does the spleen have direct connection with the lymphatic system

A

no- it collects antigen from the blood and is involved in resposes to blood-borne pathogens

71
Q

sheat of lymphocytes around an arteriole

A

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and contains mostly T cells

72
Q

type of cells most commonly found in spleen follice

A

B cells

73
Q

how do most pathogens enter

A

mucosa layer

74
Q

Peyer’s pathch

A

Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines.

75
Q

The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ. Secondary lymphoid tissues provide an environment in which the cells of the immune system can interact with antigen and with one another to develop an immune response to antigen. The spleen is a major site of immune response to bloodborne antigens. In addition, the splenic red pulp contains macrophages that are responsible for clearing the blood of unwanted foreign substances and senescent erythrocytes, even in the absence of specific immunity. Thus, it acts as a filter for the blood.

A

spleen

76
Q

ymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encircles the internal cortex and medulla. The cortex is mainly composed of clusters of B and T cells. The medulla contains plasma cells, macrophages, and B cells, as well as sinuses, which are vessel-like spaces that the lymph flows into, and nodules located within the sinuses.
Lymph nodes contain a hilum beneath the capsule, which brings blood supply to the tissues of the lymph node.
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells occurs in the lymph nodes, which triggers an adaptive immune response.

A

lymph node

77
Q

The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sub-mucosa membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.

A

MALT

Immuno (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions