Week 1 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Differentiation factors for Myeloid Progenitors
A
IL-3, SCF, GM-CSF
2
Q
Differentiation factors for Lymphoid Progentitors
A
IL-7
3
Q
Differentiation factors for Monocytes
A
GM-CSF, and M-CSF
4
Q
What do monocytes differentiate into
A
Macrophages and Myeloid Dendritic cells
5
Q
Differentation factors for Basophils
A
IL4
6
Q
Differentiation factor for Neutrophils
A
G-CSF
7
Q
Differentiation factor for Eosinophil
A
IL5
8
Q
Differentiation factor for T Lymphocytes
A
IL2
9
Q
Differentiation factor fof B Lymphocytes
A
IL3
10
Q
Where do plasma cells come from
A
B cells
11
Q
Lineage of Myeloid cells
A
Basophils, Mast cells, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Erythocytes, Platelets, megakarocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes
12
Q
Lineage of Lymphoid cells
A
NK cells and T and B cells
13
Q
Where do plasma cells come from
A
B cells
14
Q
2 leukocytes (WBC) common progenitors
A
myeloid and lymphiod cells
15
Q
What attracts HSCs
A
chemical gradients
16
Q
What niche do HSCs consist of
A
osteoblasts and sinusoidal endothelial cells
17
Q
Where do all cells of the immune system come from
A
HSC progenitor cells
18
Q
Innate WBCs
A
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells & NK cells
19
Q
Function of stromal cells
A
provide structural, and chemical support by making growth factors that enable the bone marrow to establish chemical gradients that home HSCs or inform growth, differntiation and self renewal. Can increase WBC and RBC production.
20
Q
Adaptive WBCs
A
B & T lymphocytes
21
Q
Compare and contrast Adaptive Vs innate immunity
A
Innate: Immediately functional, minimal lag time Not specific No resulting memory after the response These are neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells & NK cells
Adaptive:
Specific for one pathogen
Response results in immunological memory & protective immunity
These are your B & T lymphocytes
22
Q
Most abundant WBC
A
Neutrophils 70%
23
Q
Describe physical characteristics of neutrophil
A
3-4 nuclear lobes, PMNs, stain light pink have granules
24
Q
Neutrophil fxn
A
Is a phagocyte, not found in healthy tissue, broad killing, migrates to site of infection, otherwise they circulate, die after 1 round of phagocytosis, can participate in extracellular pathogen killing
25
How does a neutrophil kill by phagocytosis
bacteria binds neutrophil and this initiates release of cytokines and lipid mediators. the bacteria is engulfed and acidified in the phagosome. Lysosomes (granules) fuse with the neutrophil and enzymes and antimicrobials are released so pathogen is destroyed.
26
3 ways neutrophils kill
Phagocytosis, Degranulation, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
27
Neutrophil granules (PMN) degranuate otehr antimicrobial substances via what mechanisms
direct or toxic enzymatic activity (primary granules)
free radical formation (secondary granules)
28
Describe Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Use chromatin to form traps/nets that capture microorganisms
29
main functions of monocytes/macrophages
phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells, scavengers that clean up and dispose pathogens and infected cells targeted by adaptive immune response
30
Local vs systemic activation of mactophages
Local- TNF-A released into tissue, increased migration of lyphocyte and phagocyte to tisssue. Increased platelet adhesion to blood vessel wall, bacteria is phagocyzed , local vessel occlusion, and plasma and cells drain to lymph.
Systemic- Tnf-A released into blood stream, systemic edema decreaes blood volume, vessels collapse, intravascular wasting and multiple organ failure leads to death. (seen in sepsis
31
Describe dendritic cells
phagocytic and reside n tissues, no phagolysosome. have a lot of receptors. they activate T cells and are APCs- they initiate adaptive immunity
32
How to dendritic cells mature
They are immature in the tissue, but migrate via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes and mature there to activate T cells
33
Describe eosinophils
highly toxic, take care of things too large from macrophages and neutrophils, found in tissue (respiratory, GI, urogen), release free radicals and toxic chemicas
34
what do eosinophils release
free radicals, toxic chemicals, prostaglandins, leukotreins, cytokines that amplify inflammatory response.
35
Why is excess esosinophil response dangerous
they are damaging rather than protective so cause damage in chronic allergy
36
cells that protect against parasites and allergy
eosinophils and basophils.
37
Describe Mast cells
granular, in tissue (skin, intestines and airway), line external mucosa, have receptors for antibodies involved in allergy, granules contain histamine and proteases
38
How do eosinophils participate with other cells
their degranulation releases major basic protein that cauese degranulation of mast cells and basophils.
39
what do basophils release
IL4 and IL13
40
main role of mast cells
protect surfaces from parasites like worms
41
Mast cell allergy response
lead to rhinitis, swollen eyes or life threathening anaphylaxis- mast cell deganuaion recruite T helper 2 lymphosites, eosinophils and basophils.
42
NK cell invariant receptor
lack antigen specific receptors- can kill tumor cells and herpes (are innate and not adaptive
43
NK cells vs macrophages
NK cells contain viral infects so T cells can expand and they induce apoptosis not phagocytosis- they release granules on the surface of the cell. NK cells target cells that lact MHC I signal
44
Cells with variant receptors
T and B cells
45
Describe lymphocytes
Have memory, highly variable antigen receptors on surface, each binds a unique thing, so population is very diverse in terms of AP sites, small circulating,
46
Describe B cells-
Binds antigen and differntiate into plasma cell that secrete antibodies that neutralize pathogen and can activate T cells with helpter T cells
47
Types of T cells
Cytotoxic- kill virus infected cells
Helper T cells- provide cytokines that activate B cells or macrophages for cell killing
Regulatory T cell- suppress activity of immune cells to limit damage
48
Contrast Central lymphiod tissue from peripheral lymphiod tissue
the central lymphoid tissue which includes the bone marrow & the thymus, and the peripheral lymphoid tissue which includes the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.
49
Pathway for dendritic cell
DCsits under surface of most epithelia and solid organs and sample environment (in tissue). recognizes a pathogen (4-6 days) and lymphocytes brought to lymph nodes by chemokines. DC finds T cell in lymph tissue and presents a piece of the antigen. T cell differentiates into effector cell and goes to lymphatics, blood stream into subclavian vein , and blood vessels to site of inflamed tissue and instructs macrophages and other cells for killing. Then T cell dies or becomes a memory cell.
50
Primary follicle vs secondary follice
primary follicel- non activated B cell
| Secondary- B cells differentiating into PCs or memory cells and proliferating
51
Where do B cells localize
in the follices that make up teh outer cortex of the lymph node
52
Functions of spleen
collects antigen from blood and is involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens, and collects and disposes old RBCs
Immune responses to blood-borne pathogens (white pulp)
RBC Disposal & Iron recycling (red pulp)
Secondary Hematopoiesis (if needed)
53
2 main areas of spleen
The splenic parenchyma is anatomically and functionally divided into red pulp, which is composed mainly of blood-filled vascular sinusoids, and lymphocyte-rich white pulp.
54
Describe White Pulp
Site of lymphocyte entry, organized around central arterioles that drain into the marginal sinus, blood pathogens are brought to the marginal sinus by circulating dendritic cells or opsonized and sampled by marginal zone macrophages.
55
Describe Red Pulp
macrophages that cleanse the blood of pathogens, especially bacteria, and dead red blood cells (erythrocytes). For this reason, most of the immune system work of the spleen occurs within the red pulp.
56
Primary vs secondary lymphoid organ
primary- thymus and bone marrow
| secondary- lymph node, spleen, tonsil
57
lymphocytes and lymph return to blood
thoracic duct- forms interface between blood and lymph
58
naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes
blood
59
Paracortical area of lymph node consists mainy of
T cells
60
Clonal selection
n clonal selection, an antigen is presented to many circulating naive B and (via MHC) T cells, and the lymphocytes that match the antigen are selected to form both memory and effector clones of themselves. ... Clonal selection may also be used during negative selection during T cell maturation.
61
2 cell types that pluripotent Stem cells give rise to
common lymphoid progenitor which gives rise to the lymphoid lineage and common myeloid progenitor which gives rise to myeloid lineage
62
neutrophil extracellular traps
help to immobilize extracellular pathogens
63
what are tissue macrophages derived from
circulating monocytes
64
what are the roles of tissue macrophages
participate in first line defense via phagocytosis, produce cytokines and recruit more cells to site of invasion
65
what does it mean for B and T cells to have a variant receptor
they have highly diverse antigen binding sites
66
lymph nodes
place where lymphocytes and APCs meet to exchange info. can become activated and effector cells or remain naive after leaving lymph node
67
what attracts lymphocytes and DCs to lymph nodes
chemokines
68
where do lymphocytes enter in the lymph node
paracortical areas
69
where do B and T cells localize in the lymph node
B- outer cortex
| T- paracortical area
70
does the spleen have direct connection with the lymphatic system
no- it collects antigen from the blood and is involved in resposes to blood-borne pathogens
71
sheat of lymphocytes around an arteriole
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and contains mostly T cells
72
type of cells most commonly found in spleen follice
B cells
73
how do most pathogens enter
mucosa layer
74
Peyer's pathch
Peyer's patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines.
75
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ. Secondary lymphoid tissues provide an environment in which the cells of the immune system can interact with antigen and with one another to develop an immune response to antigen. The spleen is a major site of immune response to bloodborne antigens. In addition, the splenic red pulp contains macrophages that are responsible for clearing the blood of unwanted foreign substances and senescent erythrocytes, even in the absence of specific immunity. Thus, it acts as a filter for the blood.
spleen
76
ymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encircles the internal cortex and medulla. The cortex is mainly composed of clusters of B and T cells. The medulla contains plasma cells, macrophages, and B cells, as well as sinuses, which are vessel-like spaces that the lymph flows into, and nodules located within the sinuses.
Lymph nodes contain a hilum beneath the capsule, which brings blood supply to the tissues of the lymph node.
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells occurs in the lymph nodes, which triggers an adaptive immune response.
lymph node
77
The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sub-mucosa membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin.
MALT
