Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal System > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

During embryonic development which week do the limb buds appear?

A

End of 4th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the delay between the upper limb and lower limb development?

A

The lower limb develops 2 days behind the upper limb. Lower limb development lags.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In which direction does the embryo grow?

A

Head to tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A
  • Undifferentiated tissue
  • Mainly originates in the mesodermal embryonic tissue
  • Can develop into a range of tissue types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the limb bud originate?

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the limb bud?

A

Group of undifferentiated cells/mesenchyme originating in the mesoderm which elongate via mitosis/proliferation, eventually leading to the formation of the limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 spatial axes in limb development?

A
  1. Proximal - distil (shoulder to fingertips)
  2. Dorsal to ventral (palmer surface to dorsal surface)
  3. Anterior to posterior (side to side ie thumb to little finger)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What controls the anterior - posterior axis in limb development?

A

Zone of polarising activity (ZPA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What controls the proximal - distil axis in limb development?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What controls the dorsal - ventral axis in limb development?

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain how the Apical ectodermal ridge form the proximal - distal limb axis.

A
  • AER signals close mesenchyme to remain undifferentiated and proliferate. This leads to elongation of the limb bud in the distal direction.
  • Proximally (area furthest away from AER) the mesenchyme starts to differentiate into constituent tissue eg cartilage.
  • AER regresses to form digits
  • Apoptosis of tissue between digits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the zone of polarising activity found in the limb bud?

A

Posterior base of limb bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of the zone of polarising activity?

A

1) controls formation of the anterior-posterior axis during limb development
2) Supports/maintains the Apical ectoderm ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Fusion of the digits

Can involve just connective tissue or bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the defect that results in fused digits?

A

Syndactyly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Extra digits

Usually genetic recessive trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the name of the defect that results in extra digits?

A

Polydactyly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is polydactyly usually inherited in a dominant or recessive manner?

A

Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Amelia?

A

Complete absence of a limb

20
Q

What is Meromelia?

A

Partial absence of one or more limb structures

21
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

Congenital deformity in which the hands and feet are attached close to the trunk.

22
Q

What is the congenital defect that causes the hand and feet to develop close to the drunk?

A

Phocomelia

23
Q

What is the congenital defect that results in complete absence of a limb ?

A

Amelia

24
Q

What is the congenital defect that results in partial absence of one or more limb structures?

A

Meromelia

25
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Formation of structures

26
Q

Which drug can lead to disruption of limb development and how?

A

Thalidomide

Disrupts the apical ectoderm ridge

27
Q

Which type of infections can result in congenial limb formation defects ?

A

TORCH

  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Other - Syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19
  • Rubella
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Herpes infections
28
Q

List some causes of limb formation defects.

A
  • intrinsic signalling error
  • constriction bands that can cut off developing limbs
  • TORCH infections
  • Thalidomide
29
Q

What does the word caudal mean?

A

At the near the tail part of the body

30
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccyx
31
Q

Where does innervation of the upper buds originate in the spine?

A

Caudal cervical spine

32
Q

Where does innervation of the lower limb originate in the spine?

A

Lumbar and sacral spine

33
Q

Initially which muscle compartments form around the developing limb?

A

Flexor compartment - ventrally
Dorsal compartment - dorsally
Individual muscles then spilt from these 2 masses

34
Q

What is a Somite?

A
  • Division of the body in an animal or embryo
  • Somites are bilaterally paired
  • Somites give rise to skeletal muscle and other structures
35
Q

Initially in which direction do limb buds extend?

A

Ventrally

36
Q

Which direction do the upper limbs rotate?

A

Laterally

37
Q

Which direction do the lower limbs rotate?

A

Medially

38
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

1) Area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.
2) In an embryo a dermatome is the lateral wall of each somite. Gives rise to connective tissue of the skin.

39
Q

What are the 3 sub divisions that somites in an embryo give rise to ?

A

1) dermatome
2) myotome
3) sclerotome

40
Q

What is the position of the upper and lower limbs of an embryo before rotation?

A

Upper: thumbs up, elbows out
Lower: soles facing each other, knees out

41
Q

What is the position of the upper and lower limbs in an embryo after rotation?

A

Upper limb: thumbs out, elbows down

Lower limb: soles down, knees up

42
Q

What are the 3 grip movements of the hand?

A

Cylindrical Grasp, spherical grasp, hook.

43
Q

What are the 3 precision movements of the hand that are unique to humans?

A

Tip, palmer, lateral

44
Q

What are the 2 phases of the gait cycle?

A

Stance - when foot is in contact with the ground

Swing - when foot is not in contact with the ground

45
Q

What is a stride in the gait cycle?

A

One cycle of a stance and swing phase

It is a single round of the gait cycle

Musculoskeletal System (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions