Week 1

Question 1

What are the 8 hierarchal groups?

Answer 1

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
  (Dr. King Phillip, Carries Orders From Great Seas)

Question 2

Define the term ‘phylogeny’:

Answer 2

The evolutionary history of a species or

group of species (evolutionary relationships).

Question 3

What are the two ‘body plans’ for animals?

Answer 3

• Radial Symmetry

- Bilateral Symmetry

Question 4

How many germ layers do ‘radial symmetric organisms have’?

Answer 4

They have 2 germ layers = diploblastic.

Question 5

How many germ layers do ‘bilateral symmetric organisms have’?

Answer 5

They have 3 germ layers = triploblastic.

Question 6

What are the germ layers named for ‘radial symmetric organisms’?

Answer 6

• Ectoderm = outer layer

- Endoderm = inner layer

Question 7

What are the germ layers named for ‘bilateral symmetric organisms’?

Answer 7

• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm = middle layer
• Endoderm

Question 8

What are the three forms of ‘body cavities’ for ‘triploblastic organisms’?

Answer 8

• Coelomate [with Peritoneum (membrane lining)]
• Pseudocoelomate (No Peritoneum)
• Coelomate (Solid)

Question 9

What are the eight ‘phylums’ in the Animal Kingdom?

Answer 9

• Porifera (Sponges)
• Cnidaria (Jelly-Fish)
• Platyhelminthes (Flat-Worms)
• Annelida (Ring-Worms and Leeches)
• Mollusca (Octopuses and Land-Snails)
• Arthropoda (Spiders and Scorpions)
• Echinodermata (Star-Fishes and Urchins)
• Chordata (All Others)

Question 10

Outline the hierarchal organisation of body plans:

Answer 10

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism

Question 11

What are the four major tissue categories?

Answer 11

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Nerve
• Muscle

Question 12

Describe the ‘Epithelial’ tissue:

Answer 12

• Covers body surfaces
• Lines internal organs
• Forms a protective barrier
• Movement (via cilia) for collection and excretion of foreign materials
• Epithelia is polarised
• Cells bound together by ‘tight junctions’
• Apical surface is exposed to the lumen (outside environment)
• Basal surface is attached to basal lamina (matrix of collagen)

Question 13

Epithelial tissue is classified by:

Answer 13

Shape:

• Squamous (Flat)
• Cuboidal (Cube-Like)
• Columnar (Retangular)

Number of Layers:

• Simple (One)
• Stratified (Multiple)
• Pseudo-Stratisfied (Unorganised-Layers)

Question 14

Describe ‘Connective’ tissue:

Answer 14

• Binds and supports other tissues

- Cell produces a network of fibres embedded in the matrix

Question 15

What are the three forms of ‘Connective Tissue Fibres’?

Answer 15

• Collagenous (Non-elastic, don’t tear, flexible and strong)
• Elastic (Easily stretched but snap back, resilient)
• Reticular (thin and branched, join adjacent tissue)

Question 16

What are the six major types of ‘Connective Tissue’?

Answer 16

• Loose (mixture of al forms of connective tissue)
• Fibrous (dense parallel bundles of collagen, tendons and ligaments)
• Adipose (specialised loose tissue embedded with fat-granules for storage and insulation)
• Cartilage (rubbery mix of collagen)
• Bone (mineralised collagen matrix)
• Blood (cell types immersed in plasma)

Question 17

Describe ‘Nervous’ tissue:

Answer 17

• Cells specialised to conduct electrical impulses

- Includes ‘glial cells’ (specialised and 10-50x as much)

Question 18

Describe ‘Muscle’ tissue:

Answer 18

• Consists of cells in a highly organised structure containing microfilaments which produce contractions/shortening of the cells

Question 19

What are the three main types of ‘Muscle Tissue’?

Answer 19

• Skeletal (striated, voluntary control)
• Cardiac (striated, branching, involuntary)
• Smooth (no striations, involuntary)