Week 1-5 Quiz Flashcards
Define City
Political designation reffering to place governed by specific form of government
Define Metropolis
Large city area ( orginally chief city of country
Define Metropolitan Area
Central city area surrounding territory interrogated with a city (how far people are willing to travel to work)
Define Urbanisation
Process of urban growth which is the physical movement of people from rural to urban places- can include changes of lifestyle
Define a mega city
10 million plus pop size
Define world or global city
Refers to critical functions the city plays in the global urban system
Define Urban System
Hierarchy network of cities with nation or region usually ranked by pop size
Define Capital City
Head City in terms of admin (Canberra)
Define Primate City
Dominant city in urban city which can also dominate in economics (dual primacy in AUS)
Define Site
Physical environment which city is originated
Urbanisation Levels
Refers to extent of population concentration and is usually measured by percentage of pop living in these areas- need at least 10,000 people to all urban and 86% of aus is urban in 2022
Define situation in referring to why cities are located where they are
Relative location of city connectedness
+ region
Urban Morphology
Description of form of city
Urban Morphology- core
Largest city in system
Urban Morphology- periphery
Other urban and rural areas in region
Urban morphology - hinterland
Rural tributary areas linked to urban centre
Combination or megalopolis
Urban region where 2 or more cities combine
What is the nature of AUS cities
They are largely urban however cities are not as large as Asia, cities also developed as adminstrative centres of colonies
What are the key characteristics in development of urban areas
Pop size, density and social heterogeneity
Urbanisation in history
In 1900 2 types of nations, colinsers and colonised- predicted in 2030 urban pop to be over 60% and in every 1 city dweller in developed areas there in 4 dwellers in least developed areas
What are colonisers
Independent countries- England where all cities are located in industrial nations
What are Colonised
Latin America which are colonial cities which were established from scratch
What are the causes of rapid urbanisation
Industrialisation (pull factors)- eg higher wages, more opportunity
Rural stagnation (push factors)- forced out
What happened to cities post-colonial
After they gained independence there was rapid urban growth and capital was where the money was, there was limited higher wage job sand limited manufacturing
Stages of urbanisation
Initial stage where countries are engaged in primary economic activities
Acceleration stage- economy starts to diversities and specialise
Terminal stage- shifting to tertiary activities services
It correlates with economic cycle
Drivers of cities growth
Demographic factors-natural increase, migration
Urban primacy
National economic policies
Improvement in QOL
Drivers of cities decline
Suburbanisation- push factors
Economic decline and selective decline
Surbanisation
When inner ring or commuter belt grows at expense of urban core
Exurbansiation
Development occurring beyond the suburbs outside easy community range
Counterurbanisation
Population loss of urban care exceeds pop gain resulting in losing pop
Key consideration in urban analysis
Scale, characteristics, complexity
City distinctions from rural areas
Large concentration of people, economy based on non-agricultural activities, specialised land uses wide ranges of services, distinctive way of life
3 categories based on dominant function
-Market centres ( central place theory)
-Transportation centres
-Specialsed service centres
Central Place theory
Hierarchy of market centres which refers to the size, functions and distribution of settlements with an urban system, it also describes how settlements locate in relation to one another, and why some places function as hamlets , villages, towns or cities
Assumptions of Central Place Threory
-flat spatial area:no barriers exist to prevent peoples movements
-people will always purchase goods in closest place
-different types of goods+ services. Eg- low order goods -food and high order goods- cars
Range of service and goods (CPT)
Max distance people are prepared to travel to buy or use it
Thereshold of goods and services (CPT)
Minimum number of potential customers needed to make this profitable
Transportation centres
Located along rail lines, coastlines, major rivers
Specialised service centres
Dominated by single function eg manufacturing, mining, government, education, tourism
Economic base concept
Basic Functions- functions nesscary for urban growth -eg - manufacturing
-Non basic functions- serve primarily city residents eg grocery’s
Urban economics
Primary- agriculture, forestry, fishing etc
Secondary- manufacturing
Tertiary - service sector
Quaternary- info services
Land Rent Theory
Explores the relationship between accessibility and land rent
More accessible a location the greater the demand for it
There theory assumes that the city centre is most accessible and valuable location
Concentric Zone Theory
City tend to grow outwards by forming a series of rings- radial expansion from the centre- each ring represents a zone of urban expansion
Hoyts Sector Theory
Spatial Arrangement best characterised by sectors rather than concentric zones, model relies on assumption that a mix of land uses will develop the city centre and expand outwards in sectors
Harris and Vllman Multiple Nuclei Theory
Cities grow around several nodes forming a ploynuclear pattern
Factors influencing this pattern
-Spealised production
-clustering similar activities
-economic barrier
-pop deconcentration
-separation of home community and work
Vance urban realm model
Model extends the principles of multiple nuclei theory -key element: emergence of self-sufficient urban areas each for used on a downtown area independent of traditional CBD
Inverse concentric Zone Theory
Central are: place of residence of elite
Low income groups live of the periphery
Industries located at periphery
Human Ecology
Theory uses biological analogy to study cities and city life to examine spatiality of urban land uses and social groups
Spatial confiaguration same as those found in nature
-Concentric zone model and sector models derived from this
-competition for space amount land uses and between users contributes to zone transition
Assumptions of Concentric zone model
-cultural and social heterogeneity of pop
-commercial -industrial base of city- dominating the economy
-private ownership of property and economic competition for space
-expanding area and pop for city
-transport equally easy, rapid and cheap no matter which way
-city centre main centre for employment and space is limited
-no districts are more attractive
-no concentration of heavy industry
-no historic survival of an earlier land use pattern in any districts
Community - Huaman Ecology
Pop group inhabiting a specific geographical territory and coexisting through a set of symbolic relationships
Natural areas or niches
Distinguished by their homogenous social or ethnic character
Contributions to human ecology theory
Model is concerned with residential structure and change however they are labeled land use models, ecological processes of invasion succession to describe redistribution and relocation
Limitations of human ecology approach
Overly genralised
-economic bias and lack of consideration of cultural and historical factors
-theory does not explain changes affecting cities
Political economy of place
Focuses on place of cities in capitalist mode of production
-if cities are places where labour power, capital and products are changed then they are therefore governed by laws of capital accumulation
-circulation of capital is key factor in urban development
Key factors in production of built environment
-rural producers- land owners who are primarily concerned with productive capability of their land
-speculators- interest lies in appreciating value
-developers- subdivers and builders
-households- purchase or lease units
-real-easte agents
-financiers
-other facilitators- lawyers
-governmen
How can cities act as a growth machine
-Builds an exchange and use of principles of political economy and principles of human ecology
-concerns which exchange values of places
-critical actors
-can be challenged by popular pressure such as opposition to development
How is the SEQ an exmample
Rapid growth due to interstate and intrastate migration and tourism.
-development sunbelt growth centres that are dominated by entrepreneurial or pro growth urban regimes
How is historical development of waterfront living in the GC an example
Rapid development in 1950 triggered a land spec rush linked to booming tourism
-as suitable land ran out Florida waterways and canal estates became model for developing swamp land
Urban politics
Urbanisation is inherently a political process
-3 factors that affect the way cities respond to change - government policies, market forces, national, regional and local socio-political context.
-need to look at interplay between social, economic and political agents and structures
Globalisation
Worldwide movement towards greater integration of financial, trade and communication facilities leading to a more interconnected and interdependent world with simplified transfer of capital, goods and services across a national border
Post-modernism
A rejection of the notion that planning can occur rationally and an acceptance of the idea that there is a not a single way to plan and acceptance of diversity
Factors leading to post morden cities
Demographic changes and changes to population structure and composition
-restriction of economic base
-formation of global system
-changing social structure
Radical restricting of urban form
Birth rate
Annual nu of births per year per 1000 people
-in 2022- 12.2 birth rate
Fertility rate
Average no of children per women
-decreased over time
Mortality rate
Annual no of deaths per year per 1000 people
-crude death rates - 7.3 in 2022 in aus
Increased life expectancy and age-dependency ratio
Migration
International and inter-State migration
-international important for growth in syd and mel
-interstate migration important for SEQ
Geographical distribution of population
Pop growth concentration in coastal sunbelt areas, growth of mega urban regions
Changing population composition and structure
Move towards smaller fatalities households, increasing diversity , ageing population
Economic changes in cities
De-industrialisation of citrines in developed countries
-changes in employment structure as there is a decline in manufacturing jobs and growth in service and occupations such as mangers
-Chaning workforce- increased labour force participation
Post-industrial urbanisation
Move from fordist to post fordist organisation of industrial production
Fordist
Mass production or consumption
Post-fordist
Flexible production systems that are replacement of permant and full time worker by part time employees
Global system of world cities
- New York, London, Tokyo
2.cities such as la, Sydney, Singapore
3 cities in developing world
Characteristics of divided post modern cities
Despatralization- globalisation of consumption
-Fragmentation- social diversity -increasing socio-economic and widening income gap- spatial divisions reflecting social polarisation
Characteristics of post morden cities
Privatization- public spaces, gated communities,
Gentrification- buying and renovation of houses in deteroriated urban neighbourhoods, improving property values
Diversity of cultural landscapes
Citadel
Enclosed area of upper income residence
Enclave
Space of social concentration that can be cultural, immigrant or exclusionary
Ghetto
Spaces of congestion usually isolated and structurally impoverished
