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Child and Family Health > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maximum age limit to perform a newborn hearing screen?

A

28 days

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2
Q

What is the maximum age to perform a public heath nurse (PHN) first visit report?

A

28 days

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3
Q

What is the maximum age to perform a pre-school orthoptist vision screening (POVS)?

A

P1

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4
Q

In the physical examination within 24 hours of birth what is the emphasis on? (3 things)

A

Eyes - cataracts
Heart
Hips

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5
Q

In the 1930’s half of the deaths in childhood were due to what 5 diseases?

A 
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Diphtheria
Measles
Whooping Cough
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6
Q

The infant stage of child growth is described as being what-led?

A

Nutrient-led

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7
Q

The child stage of child growth is described as being what-led?

A

Growth hormone-led

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8
Q

The pubertal stage of child growth is described as being what-led?

A

Sex steroid-led

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9
Q

94% of people are within how many standard deviations from the estimated average requirement (EAR) nutrient intake?

A

2 standard deviations

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10
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for protein for infants aged 4 to 18 months?

A

12.7-14.5g

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11
Q

What is the RNI for vitamin A per day?

A

350-400 micrograms/day

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12
Q

What is the RNI for vitamin C per day?

A

25-30 mg/day

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13
Q

What is the RNI for vitamin D per day?

A

7-8.5 micrograms/day

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14
Q

It’s recommended that from 6 months, all children consuming less then what of infant formula should take vitamin A, C and D supplements?

A

500mls/d

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15
Q

Breastfeeding mothers should take vitamin D supplements of how much per day?

A

10 micrograms/day

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16
Q

What is the RNI of sodium for a 4-6 month old infant?

A

280mg

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17
Q

What is the RNI of sodium for a 12-18 month old?

A

500mg

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18
Q

For an infant under 5 who can walk, what is the recommended amount of physical activity they should get throughout the day?

A

180 minutes

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19
Q

For 5-18 year olds what is the recommended amount of physical activity they should get?

A

> 60 minutes/day of moderate to vigorous intensity activity

3 days/week - vigorous intensity activity

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20
Q

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for how long?

A

First 6 months of an infant’s life

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21
Q

What percentage of infants were never breastfed?

A

22%

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22
Q

What-based instant formula is recommended for first year?

A

Whey based

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23
Q

What is weaning?

A

Process of introducing foods with an increase in variety of texture, flavour, aroma & appearance

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24
Q

Teeth should be cleaned gently twice a day as soon as they appear using what ppm of fluoride toothpaste?

A

1000ppm

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25
Q

What are the advantages of breastfeeding? (11 things)

A
  1. Immunological features
  2. Anti-infective agents
  3. Growth factors
  4. Modulators of intestinal growth
  5. Reduction in diarrhoea
  6. Reduction in respiratory infection
  7. Colonic function
  8. Reduction in atopic disease
  9. Greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7 and a half years
  10. Lower obesity risk for baby later in life
  11. Lower maternal breast cancer risk
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26
Q

True of false? Late weaning is associated with obesity?

A

False - early weaning is associated with obesity

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27
Q

Name 5 associations that may cause an early introduction of solid foods?

A
  1. Living in a deprived area
  2. Opinions of the infant’s maternal grandmother
  3. Personal disagreement with advice to wait until baby was 4 months
  4. Lack of encouragement from friends to wait until baby was 4 months
  5. Being in receipt of free samples of manufactured food
28
Q

List 5 national public health nutrition interventions?

A
  1. Healthy start - welfare food scheme (UK)
  2. Childsmile - dental programme
  3. Child Healthy weight - Scottish Government HEAT target
  4. Physical Activity Programmes
  5. Community Food Programmes
29
Q

What does standard deviation measure?

A

Variability

30
Q

What is a z-score?

A

Number of standard deviations from the normal

31
Q

On a Gaussian distribution cure what percentage of people are within one standard deviation from the middle line?

A

68%

32
Q

On a Gaussian distribution cure what percentage of people are within two standard deviation from the middle line?

A

95%

33
Q

Gentile lines are spaced how far apart?

A

2 thirds of a standard deviation apart

34
Q

What trends have been noticed when measuring children height and weight on growth charts? (4 things)

A

Shift to right
Longer tail
Increasing severe obesity
Similar upward trend with height

35
Q

What type of scales should be used when measuring weight?

A

Class 3 clinical electronic scales

36
Q

What is the average age for a girl to enter puberty?

A

11 years old (boys 6 months later)

37
Q

What are the gonadotrophins?

A

FSH and LH

38
Q

What is true central precocious puberty (TCPP)?

A

Normal pubertal development happening abnormally early;

39
Q

What is pubertal delay?

A

Pubertal delay is the absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years

40
Q

What is the average height difference between adult males and females?

A

12.5-14cm

41
Q

If a growth problem is suspected what tests could be done?

A
  1. Bloods – gonadotrophins, growth factors, testosterone/oestradiol, thyroid, karyotype, other pathology
  2. Bone age
  3. Dynamic function tests
  4. MRI brain, USS uterus
42
Q

What are some endocrine causes of obesity? (8 things)

A 
hypothyroidism 
growth hormone insufficiency
hypopituitarism 
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
hypogonadism 
excessive corticosteroid administration
pseudohypoparathyroidism  
craniopharyngioma
43
Q

What inherited disorders may cause obesity? (4 things)

A

Down’s Syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Duchennes muscular dystrophy
Fragile X

44
Q

When should Orlistat be given to a fat kid?

A

Orlistat should only be prescribed for severely obese adolescents (BMI >99.6th percentile) with comorbidities attending a specialist clinic

45
Q

When should an obese kid be given surgery to deal with his fatness?

A

Bariatric surgery can be considered for post-pubertal adolescents with very severe to extreme obesity (BMI >3.5 SD above mean on UK 1990 charts) and severe co-morbidities

46
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 6 week old baby?

A

1 - head control in vertical
2 - follows torch with eyes
3 - stills to voice
4 - social smile

47
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 3 month old baby?

A

1 - no head lag on pulling to sit
2 - regards hands held in midline
3 - vocalises with familiar person; laughs and coos
4 - reacts pleasurably to familiar situations

48
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of 6 month old baby?

A

1 - Pushes up on arms in prone; can roll from stomach to back; weight bears on legs
2 - Transfers objects hand to hand; palmar grasp; mouths objects
3 - babbles tunefully (mamma); screams when annoyed
4 - still friendly with strangers; plays with feet

49
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 9 month old baby?

A

1 - Sits well and leans forward to reach toys; stands holding on to furniture; may crawl
2 - Using index finger to point; picks up tiny objects between thumb and hand
3 - Localises sound consistently; polysyllabic babble (ahgah ahgah); imitates sounds
4 - Anxious around strangers; plays peek-a-boo; object permanence

50
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 12 month old baby?

A

1 - “cruises’ around furniture; may take first step
2 - neat fine pincer grip; bangs toys together; casting toys
3 - knows and responds to name; jargons vowels and consonants
4 - drinks from cup; waves bye-bye

51
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of an 18 month old baby?

A
  1. runs; climbs onto adult chair
  2. builds tower of 3-4 bricks; hand preference; enjoys picture books
    3 - 5-20 words; points to body parts
    4 - feeds with spoon; imitates adult activities e.g. sweeping
52
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 2 year old baby?

A

1 - Ascends and descends stairs 2 feet per tread; can throw ball overhand
2 - builds tower of 6-7 bricks; circular scribble
3 - 50+ words; joins 2 words; talks to self; understands simple instructions
4 - Puts on hat & shoes; developing symbolic play e.g. feeding teddy

53
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 3 year old baby?

A

1 - Up stairs with alternating feet; stands on one foot momentarily; pedals trike
2 - Builds tower of 9-10 bricks; copies circle; cuts with scissors
3 - Knows own name & gender; asks lots of questions; carries on simple conversation; understands prepositions
4 - Washes hands; vivid pretend play; understands sharing & plays with others

54
Q

What are the 1 - gross motor skills, 2 - fine motor and vision, 3 - language and hearing, 4- social and play of a 4 year old baby?

A

1 - Runs up & down stairs; can kick, throw & catch ball; hops on preferred foot
2 - Threads beads; copies cross; draws a man with head, legs and trunk
3 - Recounts stories of recent experiences; sentences of 5+ words; counts to 20
4 - Dresses and undresses (except laces); understands concept of turn taking

55
Q

What term is used to describe how a 5 month old would move a small object with their hands?

A

Rake

56
Q

What term for a type of grasp is used to describe how a 7 month old would move a small object with their hands?

A

Radial-palmar grasp

57
Q

What term for a type of grasp is used to describe how a 9 month old would move a small object with their hands?

A

Radial-digital grasp

58
Q

What term for a type of grasp is used to describe how a 10 month old would move a small object with their hands?

A

Inferior-pincer grasp

59
Q

What term for a type of grasp is used to describe how a 12 month old would move a small object with their hands?

A

Fine pincer grasp

60
Q

Name 7 red flags for development?

A
  1. Asymmetry of movement
  2. Not reaching for objects by 6 months
  3. Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
  4. Unable to walk by 18 months → check CK
  5. No speech by 18 months
  6. Concerns re vision or hearing
  7. Loss of skills
61
Q

A profound learning disability is an IQ lower than what?

A
62
Q

What is the IQ range for a mild learning disability?

A

50-70

63
Q

What is Gower’s Manoeuvre?

A

The sign describes a patient that has to use their hands and arms to “walk” up their own body from a squatting position due to lack of hip and thigh muscle strength - may suggest Duchenne muscular dystrophy

64
Q

What percentage of UK children have autism spectrum disorder?

A

1%

65
Q

In Array Comparative Genomic Hybridisation if more patient DNA than control DNA hybridises to the dot what does this suggest?

A

The region is duplicated in a patient

66
Q

In Array Comparative Genomic Hybridisation if less patient DNA than control DNA hybridises to the dot what does this suggest?

A

The region is deleted in the patient

Child and Family Health (3 decks)

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