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Social Behavioral 2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 principles of cognitive behavior therapy:

A
  1. problem focused
  2. emphasizes present with links to the past
  3. time limited
  4. teaches skills to change negative thought patterns
  5. structured–requires active homework sessions
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2
Q

What are automatic thoughts?

A
  • almost always negative
  • overgeneralizations
  • distort reality
  • occur spontaneously
  • barely enter awareness
  • believed to be true
  • can coexist with images
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3
Q

5 stages of change:

A
  1. pre-contemplation
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation
  4. action
  5. maintenance
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4
Q

number of people with a disease at a specific point in time

divided by:

number of people at risk for that illness at that point in time

A

prevalence

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5
Q

number of NEW people with disease during a time period

divided by:

number of people at risk during that time period

A

incidence

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6
Q

number of new cases

divided by:

number of people exposed

A

attack rate

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7
Q

new cases / (# exposed - primary cases)

A

secondary attack rate

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8
Q

true positives / (true positives + false negatives)

A

sensitivity

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9
Q

true negatives / (true negatives + false positives)

A

specificity

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10
Q

true positives / all positives

A

positive predictive value

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11
Q

true negatives / all negatives

A

negative predictive value

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12
Q

How does higher disease prevalence effect predictive values?

A

higher PPV

lower NPV

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13
Q

How does lower disease prevalence effect predictive values?

A

lower PPV

higher NPV

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14
Q

Absolute risk = ?

A

difference between Control Event Rate and Experimental Event Rate

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15
Q

NNT = ?

A

number needed to treat to get one additional patient a favorable outcome:

NNT = 1/ARR ….. ARR= absolute risk reduction

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16
Q

NNH= ?

A

number needed to harm; number of patients who, if treated, would result in one additional patient being harmed:

NNH = 1/ARI ………….. ARI = absolute risk increase

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17
Q

Measure of mere differences (ie. hometowns):

A

Nominal

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18
Q

Measures differences + rank/order:

A

Ordinal

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19
Q

Measures differences + rank order + equal distances between values of the variable:

A

Interval

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20
Q

Measure with true “zero”:

A

Ratio

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21
Q

Statistical test to compare nominal dependent and independent variables:

A

Chi-square

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22
Q

Statistical test to compare 2 nominal independent variables with interval or ratio dependent variable:

A

t-test

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23
Q

Statistical test to compare 2 or more nominal groups with ONE IV and a dependent variable interval/ratio:

A

F-test–one way analysis of variance

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24
Q

Statistical test to compare ordinal, interval, or ratio IVs with ordinal, interval, or ratio DVs:

A

Pearson correlation

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25
Q

Measure of association between two variables (ie. an IV and DV):

A

Odds Ratio

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26
Q

OR = 1 means?

A

exposure does not effects odds of outcome

27
Q

OR > 1 means:

A

exposure associated with higher odds of outcome

28
Q

OR

A

exposure associated with lower odds of the outcome

29
Q

disease (+) disease (-)
Risk (+) A B
Risk (-) C D

How do you calculate the OR from this table?

A

OR= AD/BC

30
Q

Confidence interval = ?

A

sample mean +/- Z(1.96 if 95%) x (SD/n^1/2)

n= total number of test subjects
SD = standard deviation
31
Q

Z score corresponding to 90% CL:

A

1.65

32
Q

Z score corresponding to 95% CL:

A

1.96

33
Q

Z score corresponding to 99% CL:

A

2.58

34
Q

What does alpha level refer to?

A

Critical region under sampling distribution curve containing unlikely sample outcomes.

Ex: If CL is 95%, Z-critical is -1.96 – +1.96, 2.5% fall outside this interval under the curve, thus, the alpha level = 5%

35
Q

If Ho falls in the critical region?

A

REJECT the null (Ho) hypothesis

36
Q

When p > alpha ?

A

do NOT reject null

37
Q

When p

A

we DO reject null: the p-value is statistically significant

38
Q

Range for Pearson correlation:

A

-1 to +1

39
Q

Type of error that rejects the null but the null is true…“false positive”:

A

Type 1

40
Q

Type of error that fails to reject the null but the null is false…“false negative”:

A

Type 2

41
Q

More stats practice at:

A

ctsieducation.umn.edu/

42
Q

Type of longitudinal study that measures changes in a population over time. Ex: survey of college freshman each year.

A

Trend

43
Q

Longitudinal study that measures changes in a particular population over time. Ex: 25 MS1s in 2012 then any 25 again as MS2s in 2013….could be different people.

A

Cohort

44
Q

Measures SAME exact people over time:

A

Panel

45
Q

Variable containing the cause or stimulus in an experiment:

A

Independent

46
Q

Variable that shows effect (from cause or stimulus) in an experiment:

A

Dependent

47
Q

Researcher attention affecting behavior is known as the :

A

Hawthorne Effect

48
Q

__% of cases fall with 1 SD of normal curve?

A

68%

49
Q

__% of cases fall within 2 SD of normal curve?

A

95%

50
Q

__% of cases fall within 3 SD of the normal curve?

A

99.7%

51
Q

SE (Standard Error) = ?

A

SD / n^1/2

52
Q

Two areas regulating physiological stress response:

A

SAM – Sympathetic adrenal medulla

HPA – hypothalamus pituitary axis

53
Q

Catecholamines come from?

A

adrenal medulla

54
Q

Cortisol comes from?

A

Adrenal cortex

55
Q

General effect of cortisol in immune function?

A

supression

56
Q

Mild alcohol use disorder is considered ____ symptoms.

A

2-3

57
Q

Moderate alcohol use disorder is considered _____ symptoms.

A

4-5

58
Q

Severe alcohol use disorder is considered ____ symptoms.

A

6 or more

59
Q

Two major changes in DSM-5 with regards to alcohol use disorder are removal of:

A
  1. legal problems as diagnostic criteria

2. the distinction between “abuse” and “dependence”

60
Q

Sleep stage with sleep spindles and K complexes:

A

Stage 2

61
Q

Sleep stage with consistent breathing pattern, stable BP, most difficult to awake from:

A

Slow wave sleep (3 and 4)

62
Q

Sleep stage with fluctuating BP and breathing, dreaming, erections in males, easiest to awake from:

A

REM

63
Q

Sleep cycles every ____ min.

A

90

64
Q

Age with increased slow wave sleep:

A

children

Social Behavioral 2 (1 decks)

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