Week 1 Flashcards
5 principles of cognitive behavior therapy:
- problem focused
- emphasizes present with links to the past
- time limited
- teaches skills to change negative thought patterns
- structured–requires active homework sessions
What are automatic thoughts?
- almost always negative
- overgeneralizations
- distort reality
- occur spontaneously
- barely enter awareness
- believed to be true
- can coexist with images
5 stages of change:
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
number of people with a disease at a specific point in time
divided by:
number of people at risk for that illness at that point in time
prevalence
number of NEW people with disease during a time period
divided by:
number of people at risk during that time period
incidence
number of new cases
divided by:
number of people exposed
attack rate
new cases / (# exposed - primary cases)
secondary attack rate
true positives / (true positives + false negatives)
sensitivity
true negatives / (true negatives + false positives)
specificity
true positives / all positives
positive predictive value
true negatives / all negatives
negative predictive value
How does higher disease prevalence effect predictive values?
higher PPV
lower NPV
How does lower disease prevalence effect predictive values?
lower PPV
higher NPV
Absolute risk = ?
difference between Control Event Rate and Experimental Event Rate
NNT = ?
number needed to treat to get one additional patient a favorable outcome:
NNT = 1/ARR ….. ARR= absolute risk reduction
NNH= ?
number needed to harm; number of patients who, if treated, would result in one additional patient being harmed:
NNH = 1/ARI ………….. ARI = absolute risk increase
Measure of mere differences (ie. hometowns):
Nominal
Measures differences + rank/order:
Ordinal
Measures differences + rank order + equal distances between values of the variable:
Interval
Measure with true “zero”:
Ratio
Statistical test to compare nominal dependent and independent variables:
Chi-square
Statistical test to compare 2 nominal independent variables with interval or ratio dependent variable:
t-test
Statistical test to compare 2 or more nominal groups with ONE IV and a dependent variable interval/ratio:
F-test–one way analysis of variance
Statistical test to compare ordinal, interval, or ratio IVs with ordinal, interval, or ratio DVs:
Pearson correlation
Measure of association between two variables (ie. an IV and DV):
Odds Ratio
OR = 1 means?
exposure does not effects odds of outcome
OR > 1 means:
exposure associated with higher odds of outcome
OR
exposure associated with lower odds of the outcome
disease (+) disease (-)
Risk (+) A B
Risk (-) C D
How do you calculate the OR from this table?
OR= AD/BC
Confidence interval = ?
sample mean +/- Z(1.96 if 95%) x (SD/n^1/2)
n= total number of test subjects SD = standard deviation
Z score corresponding to 90% CL:
1.65
Z score corresponding to 95% CL:
1.96
Z score corresponding to 99% CL:
2.58
What does alpha level refer to?
Critical region under sampling distribution curve containing unlikely sample outcomes.
Ex: If CL is 95%, Z-critical is -1.96 – +1.96, 2.5% fall outside this interval under the curve, thus, the alpha level = 5%
If Ho falls in the critical region?
REJECT the null (Ho) hypothesis
When p > alpha ?
do NOT reject null
When p
we DO reject null: the p-value is statistically significant
Range for Pearson correlation:
-1 to +1
Type of error that rejects the null but the null is true…“false positive”:
Type 1
Type of error that fails to reject the null but the null is false…“false negative”:
Type 2
More stats practice at:
ctsieducation.umn.edu/
Type of longitudinal study that measures changes in a population over time. Ex: survey of college freshman each year.
Trend
Longitudinal study that measures changes in a particular population over time. Ex: 25 MS1s in 2012 then any 25 again as MS2s in 2013….could be different people.
Cohort
Measures SAME exact people over time:
Panel
Variable containing the cause or stimulus in an experiment:
Independent
Variable that shows effect (from cause or stimulus) in an experiment:
Dependent
Researcher attention affecting behavior is known as the :
Hawthorne Effect
__% of cases fall with 1 SD of normal curve?
68%
__% of cases fall within 2 SD of normal curve?
95%
__% of cases fall within 3 SD of the normal curve?
99.7%
SE (Standard Error) = ?
SD / n^1/2
Two areas regulating physiological stress response:
SAM – Sympathetic adrenal medulla
HPA – hypothalamus pituitary axis
Catecholamines come from?
adrenal medulla
Cortisol comes from?
Adrenal cortex
General effect of cortisol in immune function?
supression
Mild alcohol use disorder is considered ____ symptoms.
2-3
Moderate alcohol use disorder is considered _____ symptoms.
4-5
Severe alcohol use disorder is considered ____ symptoms.
6 or more
Two major changes in DSM-5 with regards to alcohol use disorder are removal of:
- legal problems as diagnostic criteria
2. the distinction between “abuse” and “dependence”
Sleep stage with sleep spindles and K complexes:
Stage 2
Sleep stage with consistent breathing pattern, stable BP, most difficult to awake from:
Slow wave sleep (3 and 4)
Sleep stage with fluctuating BP and breathing, dreaming, erections in males, easiest to awake from:
REM
Sleep cycles every ____ min.
90
Age with increased slow wave sleep:
children
