Week 1 Flashcards
What is Phonetics?
An objective system for describing and recording the sounds of a language
What is Phonology?
The study of how a language uses sounds to distinguish words from each other
What are Diacritics?
Symbols that notated fine distinctions in pronunciation
What are the steps used to produce speech?
Air moves from Alveolar Spaces (Lungs) ->
Through the Trachea ->
Through the Glottis ->
Vibrates Vocal Folds ->
Resonanates in Pharynx & Nasal Cavities ->
Shaped by Articulators
What do we call sounds produced by almost entirely stopping the air stream?
Consonants
How do we characterize consonants?
4
Manner of articulation
Place of articulation
Voicing
Nasality
What are all the Manners of Articulation in English?
6
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Approximants/Laterals
Glides/Semivowels
What are the Stops in English?
7
p + b
t + d
k + g
ʔ
What are the Fricatives in English?
9
f + v
s + z
θ + ð
ʃ + ʒ
h
What are the Affricatives in English?
2
tʃ + dʒ
What are the Nasals in English?
3
m
n
ŋ
What are Approximate?
Sounds created by narrowing the airs stream
Are very sonorant
What is a Lateral Approximate?
How is it produced?
/ l /
Touching the tongue to the alveolar ridge allowing the air to pass along its sides
What is a Central Approximate?
How is it produced?
/ r /
Raising the sides of the tongue allowing the air to flow down the center
What is a Palatal Glide?
/ y /
What is a Labio-Velar Glide?
/ w /
What are all the PLACES of Articulation in English?
7
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
(Alveo) Palatal
Velar
Glottal
What are all the Bilabial sounds in English?
3
p + b
m
What are all the Labiodental sounds in English?
2
f + v
What are all the Interdental sounds in English?
2
θ + ð
What are all the Alveolar sounds in English?
7
t + d
s + z
n
l + r
What are all the (Alveo) Palatal sounds in English?
4
ʃ + ʒ
tʃ + dʒ
What are all the Velar sounds in English?
3
k + g
ŋ
What are all the Glottal sounds in English?
2
h
ʔ
What is an Articulatory Description?
4
Describing:
- Place
- Manner
- Voicing
- Nasality
What are sounds that are produced with smooth, unobstructed airflow?
Vowels
How do we distinguish Vowels?
4
Tongue Height
Front vs. Back
Lip Rounding
Tense vs. Lax
How do we distinguish Tongue Height?
4
High
Mid
Low
Back
Intermediate
What are High Vowels?
2
i
u
What are Mid Vowels?
3
e
o
ə
What are Low Vowels?
2
æ
ɑ
What are Intermediate Vowels?
5
ɪ + ɛ
ʊ + ɔ
ʌ
What are the Front Vowels?
5
i
ɪ
e
ɛ
æ
What are the Back Vowels?
5
u
ʊ
o
ɔ
ɑ
What are the Central Vowels?
4
ʌ
ə
ɜʳ
əʳ
What Vowels are Unrounded?
8
i + ɪ + e + ɛ + æ
ɑ
ʌ + ə
What Vowels are Rounded?
4
u + ʊ + o + ɔ
What Vowels are Tense?
6
i + e
u + o + ɔ + ɑ
What Vowels are Lax?
6
ɪ + ɛ + æ
ʊ
ʌ + ə
What are Diphthongs?
Vowels with a change in mouth configuration
What are the Diphthongs in English?
5
ɔɪ
ɑʊ
ɑɪ
eɪ
oʊ
How does /ɔɪ/ move?
Mid back -> high front lax
How does /ɑʊ/ move?
Low back -> high lax rounded
How does /ɑɪ/ move?
Low back -> high front lax
What happens to vowels before voiced consonants?
They lengthen
What sounds in English have high Sonority?
6
Vowels
l + r
m + n + ŋ
What is a syllable?
A nucleus (N - usually a vowel) followed by an optional onset (O) and a coda (C)
What do you can a Nucleus + a Coda?
A Rhyme
What do we call words with repeating Onsets?
Alliteration
What do we call words with repeating Nuclei?
Assonance
What is a Foot?
1 stressed syllable + 1-2 unstressed syllables
What is an Iambic Foot?
Unstressed + Stressed
to-DAY
What is a Trochaic Foot?
Stressed + Unstressed
PER-son
What is an Anapestic Foot?
Unstressed + Unstressed + Stressed
in-ter-VENE
What is a Dactylic Foot?
Stressed + Unstressed + Unstressed
PER-son-al
What is a Spondaic Foot?
Stressed + Stressed
BASE-BALL
What is the basic phonological unit used to distinguish between words?
Phoneme
What do we call two words that differ by a single phoneme?
Minimal Pairs
What do we call two variant ways of producing a phoneme that does not alter meaning?
What can these also be called?
(3)
Allophones
Non-Distinctive
Non-Contrastive
What do we call Allophones that occur in different contexts of environments where another could not?
Complementary Distribution
Non-aspirated /t/ in “stop”
What do we call the rules that dictate when to use a certain Allophone?
Phonological Rules
Vowels become nasalized before nasal consonants
What do we call a rules which govern a change in a phoneme’s features?
Feature Changing Rules
non-nasal -> nasal, aspirated -> non-aspirated, short -> long, etc
What do we call the rules which govern the removal of sound segments?
Segment Deletion Rules
“Ask Katie” becomes /æs keɪtɪ/
What do we call the rules that reverse the sequence of sound segments?
Metathesis Rule
“ask” used to be pronounced /æks/
What do we call the rules that change a phonemes features due to its phonetic environment?
Assimilation Rules
Vowels become nasalized before nasal consonants
