Week 1-4 (test prep) Flashcards
Five types of ingredients used in skin preparation
- Water miscible vehicles (e.g. Water, alcohol, macrogols)
- Oil vehicles (e.g. Mineral oil, vegetable oil, synthetic oil)
- Emulsifying agents (oil in water-emulsifying waxes. Water in oil-wool fat)
- Suspending agents (Clays, gelling agent)
- Humectant , to reduce water loss.
Name four types of semi-solid skin preparations.
Ointment : oil vehicle with surfactant.
Cream: less greasy and usually oil in water emulsions. High water content so require preservatives.
Pastes: high conc of solids with protective properties.
Gels: water miscible viscous preparations. Aqueous gels for lubrication. Oil gels for occlusion (absorption).
What is mixing by fusion ?
Mix by melting ingredients in evaporating dish in water bath.
List the four themes of pharmacy 201
- Professional practice- recognize different pharmaceutical formulations and develop working knowledge of various formulations.
- Medicine information- find and give information for accurate and safety of drug use.
- Law and ethics- apply relevant information to the laws and understand the fundamental elements of ethics.
- Professional communication- understand and develop effective communication skills and practice cultural considerations.
List seven basic competences required to be a pharmacist in NZ.
(Pro quality PH MO R D Pproduct)
- Practice pharmacy in a professional and cultural competence manner.
- Contribute to the quality of the medicine.
- Provide primary health care.
- Apply management and organization skills.
- Research and provide information.
- Dispense medicine.
- Prepare pharmaceutical product.
What is trituration ?
Incorporating finely divided insoluble powders or liquids into a base.
What is levitation?
Incorporating insoluble course powders into molten base or semi-solid base.
What is doubling up technique?
Used to mix powder to powder, powder to semi solid or semi solid to semi solid.
Start with small amount of each ingredients, mix thoroughly , as adding more ingredient add double the amount of what has been mixed.
Advantages and disadvantages of capsules.
Advantages: taste masking, release can be controlled, made light resistance.
Disadvantages: swallow difficulties, not suitable for children, animal gelatin in capsules.
Advantages and dis for powder.
Advantages: accurate dosing, stable, easy to give, acceptable by most patients.
Disadvantages: may be difficult to swallow, hard to mask taste, calculations needed.
What is literacy?
What is health literacy?
Literacy: the written, oral language people use in their daily life.
Health literacy: the ability to obtain, understand and to process the basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.
How can health literacy be improved by?
- Health promotions (through text articles, charts, lists and labels).
- Health protections (safety warning on the media).
- Disease prevention (medicine labels, hospital discharge notes).
- Health system accessing services (appointment cards).
Consequence of poor health literacy
- Non adherence to medication treatments.
- increase usage of emergency services.
- reduce ability to self manage conditions.
- reduce engagement with care plans and health systems.
What is the universal precautions approach?
It is a specific action that can minimize the risk for everyone when it is unclear which patients may be affected.
I.e. structuring patient interactions to minimize the risk of patient misunderstanding health information that’s given.
What’s the three “ask me three”?
- whats my main problem?
- what do I need to do?
- why is it important for me to do so?
Why do you need effective clinical communication skills?
- Effective health care delivery.
- Satisfaction for patients and pharmacists.
- Improves adherence.
- Better understanding and recalling of patients, to allow them to self manage their medical conditions.
Two MUST skills pharmacist..
- Communication skills in pharmacy practice.
2. Build rapport– explain and question patients.
What are the attitudinal barriers?
- Stereotyping.
- Assumptions.
- Blaming.
- Lack cultural understanding.
How to build rapport?
- Greet meet task ask.
- Show acceptance. (Acknowledge patients point of view and previous self managements)
- Offer empathy and support. (Express concerns and willingness to help)
- Be sensitive. ( be sensitive to embarrassments. be professional and confident)
What is active listening?
- Listening intently with whole body.
- Silence and keep calm.
- Minimal encouragements.
- Reflective techniques. (To check and confirm information)
- Summary.
- Confronting (correct their problems)
- Open questions.
What are the Non verbal communications
Facial expression. Eye contact. Body movement. Physical contact. Posture. Voice of tone and pace. Use of space. Environmental cues.
Six key tasks for pharmacist.
- Find out what the patients want to know.
- check patient’s perception, how much info to give, what info do they need.
- Optimizing recall and understanding.
- follow logical sequence, categories, emphasize key points, avoid jargon, rephrasing.
- Achieving a joint understanding.
- relates explanations to clients point of view, encourage client contributions.
- Planning future actions
- share thoughts and what’s best for them, explore/ identify patient resistance.
- Offer alternative choices.
- Advising behavior changes.
- check for readiness of changes, offer information and resources.
What is compliance?
- The extent to which the patient’s behavior matches the health care professionals instructions.
- Implies passively and lack involvements with patients.
- Rely the outcome solely on the patient.
What is adherence?
- The extent to which the patient’s behavior matches the agreed recommendations from both patients and the health professionals.
- Implies active and voluntary participation with patients.
- Shared responsibility of health outcomes between patients and health professionals.
