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Materials And Structures Principals > Week 1 - 4 > Flashcards

Week 1 - 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of development cost do Material take up?

A

14% - 24%

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2
Q

The durability of materials is vital to understand what?

A

Service life predication and planning
Cost and time intervals of maintenance, repair and refurbishment
Climate Change resilience
Whole of life embodied carbon

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3
Q

What is Durability?

A

Capable of withstanding wear and tear
To have longevity
Capable of withstanding decay
Fit for purpose

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4
Q

What was a biblical account of caves?

A

Ezekiel 33:27 ‘…and those who are in the strongholds and in the caves will die in pestilence’

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5
Q

What were the results of isolation without sunlight have on the human body?

A

Lost track of time
Sleeping for stretches of 30 hours at a time, waking up believing it was a short nap
Suffering acute mental stress
Drifting off to sleep for days at a time
Without the sun to guide us, our bodies lose track of just how many weeks and days are going by and when we should sleep

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6
Q

What did tents offer to our lifestyle based on biblical accounts?

A

Humans lived up to 969 years
Stable temperature
Fresh air from the outside
Shelter from external elements
Cool in summer
Warm and dry in winter

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7
Q

What were Wharepuni, Pataka and Kauta?

A

Semi permanent housings due to the need to search for food. Respectively - Sleeping House, Store House, Food Preparation.

Openings were few and the fireplaces had a small hole in the rood for smoke to escape.

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8
Q

What were Māori housings made of?

A

External frames were made of wooden materials
Internal envelop included Raupo (Bulrush) Toetoe (Austroderia) and Nikki palm leaves
Flooring used flax mats
External Envelope used earth heaped on for insulation

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9
Q

What was the purpose of a marae/Malae?

A

It was a central structure to serve the community for different functions throughout the day. If considered a point of reference for identity, activities and cultural expression.

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10
Q

Define Poutama.

A

It is a pattern found in Māori weaving and plaiting. Translated to ‘stairway to heaven’ - Poutama carries significant spiritual and educational meaning. The stepped pattern symbolises levels of attainment and advancement and the growth of man, striving ever upwards and for betterment.

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11
Q

How does the building code work?

A

The building code sets out a clear expectation of the standard a building should meet. It covers aspects such as structural stability, fire safety, access, moisture control, DURABILITY, service and facilities and energy efficiency.

The building code states how a building must perform in its intended use rather than describing how the building must be designed and constructed.’

PERFORMANCE BASED BUILDING CODE.

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12
Q

Are all buildings required to comply with the building code?

A

Yes, even if a building consent is not needed. This ensures buildings are safe, healthy and durable for anybody who any use it.

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13
Q

Define Building.

A

Any temporary or permanent movable or immovable structure (including any structure intended for occupation by people, animals, machinery or chattels). This includes any mechanical, electrical, or other system and any utility systems, attached to and forming part of the structure whose proper operation is necessary fro compliance with the building code. (A2 NZBC)

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14
Q

Define Building Code

A

It’s the regulations made in section 400 of the Building Act 2004

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15
Q

Define Building Consent.

A

A consent to carry out building work granted by a territorial authority under part 5 of the Building Act 2004 (A2, NZBC)

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16
Q

Define Building Work.

A

Work for or in connection with the construction, alteration, demolition or removal of a building; including site work (A2, NZBC)

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17
Q

Building code A is for?

A

General Provisions
A1 Classified Uses
A2 Interpretation
A3 Building Importance Levels

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18
Q

Building code B is for?

A

Stability

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19
Q

Building code C is for?

A

Protection from fire

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20
Q

Building code D is for?

A

Access

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21
Q

Building code E is for?

A

Moisture

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22
Q

Building code F is for?

A

Safety of users

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23
Q

Building code G is for?

A

Services and facilities

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24
Q

Building code H is for?

A

Energy Efficiency

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25
Q

What are the seven categories defined by the Building Code A1? Where can further clarifications be found?

A

Housing
Communal residential
Communal non-residential
Commercial
Industrial
Outbuildings
Ancillary

**Further Classification can be found in Schedule 1 of the Building Regulations 1992

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26
Q

Building code A3 set levels for what reason?

A

To describe the risk and structure factors for the purposes of clauses C1 - C6 Protection from fire.
Objectives
Prevention
Areas affected beyond source
Movement to safety
Access and Safety for Firefighting Operations
Structural Stability

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27
Q

How many levels exist to determine importance level under NZBC A3?

A

There are 5 levels determined by risk to human life the environment, economic cost and other risk factors in relation to its use.

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28
Q

What are the 2 subclauses of NZBC B?

A

B1 Structure
B2 Durability

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29
Q

What does durability dictate?

A

It dictates the minimum amount of time a building element needs to maintain its functionality in accordance with all the other clauses of NZBC.

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30
Q

What is included in NZBC B2?

A

VM - Verification Methods - in service history, laboratory testing, Comparable performance to similar building elements

AS - Acceptable Solution - is a prescribed pathway to meet the minimum standard of the NZBC

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31
Q

What part of NZBC is main focus of this course?

A

B2/AS1 - contains tables, clauses and charts to identify minimum length of time each element of the building must remain functional. It also refers to standards to supply more in depth information on specific items.

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32
Q

What does figure 1 of B2/AS1 provide?

A

The means of assessing the durability for building elements.

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33
Q

Define Building Element.

A

Any structural and non-structural component or assembly incorporated into or associated with a building. included are fixtures, services, drains, permanent mechanical installations for access, glazing, partitions, ceilings and temporary support. (B1/AS1)

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34
Q

Define Fixture.

A

An article intended to remain permanently attached to and form part of a building. (B1/AS1)

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35
Q

In figure 1 of A2/NS1, what does the phrase ‘Difficult to access or replace’ refer to?

A

This applies to building elements where accessor replacement involves significant removal or alteration of other building elements.

E.g. masonry or concrete construction, structural elements, repair of buried tanking membranes.

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36
Q

What does the term ‘Moderately difficult to access’ in figure 1 of B2/AS1 apply to?

A

Refers to building elements that are behind lightweight cladding e.g. plasterboard, profiled metal roofing, timber weatherboards etc

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37
Q

Explain what it means if a building elements failure would go undetected in both normal use and maintenance of the building.

A

If a building element was hidden from view with no provision for inspection access where failure would not be apparent until significant damage occurred, it would require a 50 year durability.

E.g. insulation in a skillion roof, building paper behind a masonry veneer cladding.

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38
Q

What is defined as Normal Maintenance? (B2/AS1 - 2.1.1)

A

It is defined as work that is generally recognised as necessary to achieve the expected durability for a given building element.

I.e washing metal surfaces regularly. Following manufactures maintenance recommendations. Replacing sealant, seals etc cleaning filter etc

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39
Q

Define normal use (B2/AS1)

A

Typical use of the building on a day to day basis.

E.g noticed under normal use - wall cladding in accessible areas.

Not noticed under normal use - Roofing, wall cladding on firewall, fixtures located in a difficult to access area etc

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40
Q

Explain moderately difficult to access or replace.

A

This applies to building elements where access or replacement involves the removal or alteration of other building elements.

E.g. replacement of services reticulation in wall cavities and skillion road etc

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41
Q

What are examples of building elements that failure would go undetected during normal use but easily detected during normal maintenance?

A

Examples include degradation of exterior claddings on roofs and walls, sealant filled joints, flashings etc

These building elements would then require a 15 year durability.

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42
Q

When would a building element require a 5 year durability?

A

When the building element is easy to access and replace and failure of element could be easily detected during normal use.

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43
Q

What does article B2.3.2 state?

A

That individual building elements which are components of a building system and are difficult to access or replace must either all have the same durability or be installed in a manner that permit the replacement of said element of lesser durability WITHOUT removing building elements with a greater durability (and are not specifically designed for removal and replacement)

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44
Q

If an element is part of a system how may we treat it?

A

As one element. All part of the system would then be required to have the same durability.

45
Q

Define Underlay.

A

A pliable building member in the Standards. It is defined as a pliable material which maybe installed to act as a sarking membrane, thermal insulation or vapour barrier or any combination of the three.

46
Q

Define Sarking membrane (water barrier).

A

A material intended to collect and discharge any water that many penetrate a building and that may haven some water absorbency properties for some applications.

47
Q

Define vapour barrier.

A

A material intended to restrict the transmission of vapour - generally water vapour.

48
Q

For generic products, what standard will tell inform us of its require durability if they are of the structural nature?

A

Standards NSZ 3604, 3101 and 3602.

49
Q

For generic products that are considered cladding, where to we find the durability requirements?

A

E2 AS/1 Table 20

50
Q

How to we find the durability requirement for complex products?

A

We use the Manufacturers Specification of Durability Statements.

51
Q

Can products once used be banned?

A

Yes!

52
Q

What are the two criteria’s of Cladding needed to be understood? What table do we get this information from?

A

In E2 AS/1 Table 20 - we need to understand exposure and the exposure zone.

53
Q

Define Cladding.

A

Exterior weather-resistant surface of a building.

54
Q

What are Flashings?

A

Flashings are a component, formed from a rigid or waterproof material that drains or deflects water back outside the cladding system.

55
Q

Explain what Exposure zones means.

A

Exposure zones is a classification system for building sites in NZ depending on severity of exposure to wind-driven sea-salt.

56
Q

How many Exposure zones exist now in NZ?

A

Three - they are
Zone B - Low
Zone C - Medium
Zone D - High
Shown in figure 4.2 of NZS 3604 : 2011

57
Q

Define Microclimates.

A

Local environmental effects of the building site.

58
Q

In what 3 circumstances can structural fasteners and fixing experience accelerated rates of corrosion due to geographical location?

A

Industrial contamination and corrosive atmospheres
Contamination from agricultural chemicals or fertilisers.
Geothermal hot spots. Hot spots are defined as being within 50m of a bore, mud pool, steam vent or other sources

59
Q

Which zones are considered identical under NZS 3604?

A

Zone D and E.

Zone E is included in E2/AS1

60
Q

NIWA climate zone maps divide NZ into how many zones?

A

12

61
Q

Koppen climate classification classified NZ as what?

A

Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate. No significant precipitation difference between seasons.

62
Q

What are the two climate zones as divided into the North and South Island? (According to Koppen)

A

The North Island is a subtropical climate zone, while the South Island, which is bigger, falls within the temperate climate zone.

63
Q

What are the 3 different types of exposure?

A

Hidden - totally concealed by another element
Exposed - rain washed
Sheltered - not hidden or rain washed.

Defined as in NZS 3604 Section 4

64
Q

What table concerns weather tightness, and thus is only relevant when discussing cladding, flashings, underlays and fixtures.

A

Table 20 in E2AS/1 - For structural elements you have to look in NZS 3604 Section 4.

65
Q

When is cladding required to have 50 years durability according to Table 20 E2 AS/1

A

When cladding is hidden, otherwise 15 years is the required durability.

66
Q

Why is it important to check Manufacturers Instructions?

A

If they don’t recommended that a building element for that time period… then it can’t.

67
Q

Which standard do we use for Geographic boundaries?

A

NZS 3604 - Microclimates are SED

68
Q

Are fixings considered hidden when protect by putty and paint?

A

Yes

69
Q

If walls are cladded with metal are they considered hidden, sheltered or exposed?

A

They will be considered sheltered.

70
Q

Which tables are we to refer to for compatibility?

A

Tables 21 and 22.

71
Q

What must we not mix in a severe marine environment?

A

Stainless steel and coated steel.

72
Q

What table to we refer to for Structural elements such as timber?

A

NZS 3602 (B2/AS1) Table 1A

73
Q

Which table do we refer to for Structural elements such as Steel Fixings and fastening (except nails and screws)?

A

Table 4.1 of NZS 3604

74
Q

Which standard do we refer to for concrete?

A

NZS 3101

75
Q

For Subfloors that are over 600mm, are fixings considered sheltered or exposed?

A

Exposed - the opposite will be considered sheltered.

76
Q

Are warranty’s considered a Durability statement?

A

No

77
Q

What are some examples of microclimates?

A

Industrial contamination and corrosive atmospheres
Contamination from agricultural chemicals or fertilisers
Geothermal hot spots

78
Q

What is the importance of compatibility?

A

In relation to durability - the combination of materials must be able to be demonstrated to show compatibility and durability.

79
Q

Define Corroded.

A

When two dissimilar metals come into contact in the presence of moisture, and electric current flows from the metal having the lower potential to the higher(more noble) metal resulting in the less noble metal being consumed.

The greater the difference in potential, the greater the rate of corrosion.

80
Q

What are issues that can be caused by different matters?

A

Electrolysis between different metals
Mortar and concrete both contain lime, which has had adverse effect on many metal as and glass
The timber treatments can contain mental i.e. CCA, which can react with fixings (nails)
Natural preservatives can react with metals.

81
Q

How does moisture impact chemical reactions?

A

It will adversely exasperate the chemical reaction between two products.

82
Q

What are the three issues of compatibility?

A

Two products that are in contact with each other

Or

The chosen fixing and the product it is securing.

Or

When water flows over on product onto another.

83
Q

What table do we refer to for Compatibility?

A

In E2/AS1 Tables 21 and 22

84
Q

What does Table 20 in NZBC E2/AS1 prescribe?

A

It prescribes some materials that an element could be manufacture in order to comply with NZBC B2 - Durability.

85
Q

What does table 21 in E2/AS1 prescribe?

A

It prescribes what building material can be in CONTACT with each other on a structure.

86
Q

Which table in E2AS/1 gives information for roof and wall underlays?

A

Table 23

87
Q

Which table in E2/AS/1 give information for cladding fixings?

A

Table 24.

88
Q

What is the Chemical Compatibility Chart?

A

It is a shorthand tool for describing the suitability of miniature fluidic and pneumatic component materials for use in contact with various chemicals. This chart can be used to help you component selection.

89
Q

What are the two branches of the construction industry?

A

The Building Sector and Infrastructure development.

90
Q

What makes the construction industry unique?

A

It is different to other industry because its of it unique characteristics such as different types of products, stakeholders, processes and operating environments. Products are one-off in nature and are developed based on the clients requirement.

91
Q

What impacts the lifespan of a building?

A

Quality of components
Design level
Work execution level
Indoor environment
Outdoor environment
Usage conditions
Maintenance level

92
Q

What is the problem with selecting by cost?

A

This traditional method ignores many factors that plague the building once it it built.

93
Q

What are the 7 main criteria’s used in the majority of green building assessments?

A

Site
Energy
Water
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)
Material
Waste
Pollution

94
Q

What is the life cycle of a building?

A

Raw materials, manufacturing, operation, disposal

95
Q

What is a ‘proof of sustainability’ model?

A

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Moves away from the ‘cradle-to-grave’ lifespan model towards ‘cradle-to-cradle’ model.

96
Q

What is the ABC of selection methods?

A

Approach (agenda) - Single or multidisciplinary approach.
Brief - Project owner brief, Pre-design, Construction Management Team Brief.
Criteria - Hazards, Durability B2, Compatibility E2, Architect specification.

97
Q

Define Load failure.

A

A structure has failed if it is or becomes incapable of fulfilling its required purpose.

Functional
Serviceability
Disconnection

98
Q

What items are to be considered when it comes to load failure?

A

1 - Force
2 - Load

99
Q

What are the load classifications?

A

Gravity Loads - Permanent action or Imposed action - Dynamic loads are transient random loads (earthquake or wind)
Climatic Loads - Wind, Snow, Temperature change, Precipitation.

100
Q

What are the different types of temperatures?

A

Dry Bulb - what is normally referred to as temp in the air.
Wet Bulb - in between dry and dew point.
Dew Point - when water vapour starts to condense on surfaces as water droplets.

101
Q

What is an example of Hydrostatic Loads?

A

Water above ground - MBS pool
Water below ground

102
Q

What does CBR stand for?

A

California Bearing Ratio

103
Q

What is an Accidental Load?

A

Hazards
Explosions
Impact
Fire
Consequence of human error

104
Q

What are the properties of force?

A

Magnitude
Direction
Position

105
Q

What is the 3Ds design method?

A

Deatjh
Deadline
Dollars

106
Q

What is the Measurement of Load?

A

KN/m squared.

107
Q

What is LSD?

A

Limit State Design.

108
Q

What do we refer to for Load considerations?

A

NZS 1170

Materials And Structures Principals (2 decks)

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