Week 1 Flashcards
Possible treatments for vasogenic edema
corticosteroids
anti-VEGF antibody (bevacizumab)
What factor produced by tumor cells can cause vasogenic edema?
VEGF
Clinical symptoms of transtentorial uncal herniation
ipsilateral 3rd nerve compression: pupillary dilation
brainstem peduncle compression (opp direction herniation): ipsilateral hemiparesis (Babinski positive)
What can cause cardiorespiratory arrest in a cerebellar tonsilar herniation?
Medullary compression
Causes of increased ventricle size in communicating hydrocephalus
Arachnoid villi obstruction (dec absorption @ arachnoid granulations)
—-causes: meningitis, hemorrhage, sinus thrombosis
OR overproduction of CSF from choroid plexus papilloma
Major sites of CSF block
Foramen of Munroe, third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius, Foramina of Luschka and Magendie, Basal cisterns/subarachnoid spaces
Two primary types of head trauma?
Characterization?
Blunt (nonmissile) versus penetrating (bullet)
Open vs closed, focal vs diffuse, primary vs secondary damage
Seen grossly and histologically with contusions?
Gross: indented, cavitated, brown/orange discolorization
Histologically: cavitation with hemosiderin laden macrophages
Type of Contusions?
COUP: at point of impact, usually secondary to blow to stationary head
CONTRECOUP: opposite point of impact, usually with fall
Microscopic changes in diffuse axonal injury
axonal swelling (acute and subacute)
What determines selective vulnerability in global ischemia?
Variable oxygen requirements
Glutamate receptor densities
Most common sites of focal ischemia?
carotid bifurcation, origin of MCA, origin or end of basilar artery
Which vessel is most frequently affected by emboli?
middle cerebral artery
What is the second most common vascular malformation and what is needed for diagnosis?
Cavernous angioma (cerebellum, pons, white matter) Evidence of prior bleeding
