Week 1-3 Flashcards
Infection resulting from healthcare delivery in any setting while receiving treatment for another condition
Healthcare associated infection
From environment or personnel
Exogenous or endogenous
Exogenous
From patient
Exogenous or endogenous
Endogenous
Are these these considered HAIs or not
Infection present on admission
Trans- placental infection
Reactivación of latent infection
No
Most common HAI’s
CAUTI, CCI, VAP, CLABSI, C. DIFF, MDRO
Catheter- associated urinary tract infection
Surgical site infection
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Central Line- associated blood stream infection
Clostridium difficile disease
Multiple drug resistant organisms
MRSA, VRE, ESBLs, PRSP, MDRTB
What is the 2024 National patient safety goal
To promote specific patient safety improvement and to reduce HAI/ infection with hand hygiene
Link of chain of infection:
Pathogens and normal flora that become pathogenic are considered
Infectious agents
Link of chain of infection:
Where pathogens live and multiple, may be living.
Humans, animals, insects.
May be non living
Food, floors, equipment, contaminated water
Reservoir
Link of chain of infection:
Via
Body fluids
Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea
Seeping wounds
Tubes, IV lines
Portal of exit
Link of chain of infection:
Contact
Direct: touching, kissing, sexual contact
Indirect: contact with a comité
Droplet: cough, sneeze
Airborne: via air, conditioning, sweeping
Mode of transmission
Link of chain of infection:
- Eye, nares, mouth, vagina, cuts, scrapes
- Wounds, surgical sites, IV, or drainage tube sites
-Bite from a vector
Portal of entry
Link of chain of infection:
Person with inadequate defense
4 determining factors
- Virulence
- Organisms ability to survive in the host’s environment
- Number of organisms
- Hosts defenses
Susceptible host
Stages of infection:
From time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
Incubation
Stages of infection:
Appearance of vague symptoms, not all diseases have this stage
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
Prodromal
Stages of infection:
Signs and symptoms present
Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence
Illness
Stages of infection: Number of pathogens decline
Incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence
Decline
Type of infection: Occurs in a limited region in the body (eg, UTI)
Systemic or local
Local
Type of infection: spread via blood or lymph
Affects many regions (ex, sepsis)
Local or systemic
Systemic
Type of infection:
Rapid onset or short direction (ex. Common cold)
Acute
Type of infection
Slow development. Long duration (ex. Arthritis)
Chronic
Type of infection:
Infection prevent with no discernible symptoms (HIV/ AIDS)
Latent
is a subsequent infection that develops after a primary infection has weakened the immune system, making the person more susceptible to another pathogen; essentially, a occurs because of the initial primary infection.
Secondary infection
Tier ___: __________ Precautions
- Contact, droplet, airborne
- Always used with standard precautions
- More than 1 type used when warranted
Tier 2: transmission based precautions
Tier__: ___________ precautions
- Used for all patients regardless of diagnosis
- To prevent pathogen transfer between HCWs/ Patients
Tier 1: standard precautions
To prevent infection in immune compromised pt:
Protective isolation practices
Precaution type:
Indications:
- Known/ suspected infection spread via contact
- Colonized with NDRO
- Excessive drainage, incontinence
Implementation
- Gloves and gown always worn in room
- Face PPE if indicated
- Private room or cohort; dedicated equipment
- Transport patient for essential purposes only
- Family/ visitors gown/ glove per facility policy
Contact Precautions
Type of precaution:
Indication: infection spread by large particle droplets
Implementation:
- Surgical mask worn within 3 feet of patient
- Private room preferred
- Patient wears surgical mask if transport required
Droplet precautions
Type of precautions:
Indication:
Infection spread through air over long distances
Implementation
- Private negative- airflow room preferred
- Door remains closed
- N95 respiratory mask worn when entering room (fit testing required)
Airborne precautions
Type of precautions
Indication:
- High susceptibility to infection
Implementation:
- Private room
- Meticulous hand hygiene
- Visitors restricted
- No plants/ flowers/ standing water
- Avoid fresh fruit, raw milk products, raw honey, processed meats, mold foods (ex. Blue cheese)
Protective isolation/ Neutropenic precautions
Official profession organization for nurses in the US
Standards of practice
American Nurses Association (ANA)
Establishes and maintains a universal standard of education
National legue for nursing (NLN)
Represents nursing students
National Student nurses association (NSNA)
A practicing nurse is aware that continuing education courses may be required for license renewal. Which organization can require nurses to obtain a specified amount of continuing education courses?
1. ANA
2. National League for nursing (NLN)
3. Sigma Theta Tau
4. State Board of Nursing
- State board of nursing
An experiences nurse uses knowledge of a patient medical conditions and intuition to identify patient problems. The nurse often fulfills the role of a resource for other nurses on the unit. At this point, which stage of proficiency has this nurse achieved?
1. Novice
2. Advanced Beginner
3. Competent
4. Expert
- Expert
Face- to face interaction focused on patient’s concerns to increase patient well- being
Empathy, respect, genuineness, concrétenles, confrontation
Characteristics of therapeutic communication
Type of question:
Encourage further discussion
Give patient control
Open ended question
Type of question:
- Restricts response choices
- Lessen patients control
- Goal directed
Closed question
False reassurance
Giving advice
Changing the subject
Moralizing
Patronizing
Stereotyping
Interrogating
Disapproving
Approving
Talking to much about yourself
Non- professional involvement
Nosy questions
Non therapeutic communication
