Week 1 & 2 Flashcards
List the tests that are unreliable on the dipstick test
SlunG
SPECIFIC , leukocytes, urobilogen, nitrites, GRAVITY
What happens to the leukocytes in a urine sample if left to sit too long at room temperature?
Leukocytes decrease
What happens to erythrocytes if urine left too long at room temperature?
Hemolyze
What happens to the protein in urine if it sits too long at room temperature?
Increases
What happens to the turbidity of urine if it is left to sit out too long at room temperature?
Increases
If a sample needs to be preserved past the 12 hours refrigerated time, what can be done?
1 drop of formalin added to 30 mLs urine will preserve
Name the 2 basic types of centrifuge rotors
swinging bucket and fixed rotor
The specific gravity is off the scale on the refractometer. What can be done to get a reading?
Dilute 1:1 with distilled water. Recheck the reading on the refractometer. Multiply the last 2 digits by 2
What is the name of the stain used for an air-dried urine smear?
Diff-quick
What PH would you expect in feline cat urine and why?
6-7
More acidic due to high protein diet.
How long should urine be centrifuged for and at what speed?
3-5 min at 1000-2000rpm
How can we tell is a dark red urine sample is due to hematuria or hemoglobinuria?
Centrifuge the sample. If supernatant is yellow and red blood cells appear as sediment in the sample = hematuria
If sample remains red throughout = hemoglobinuria
List 3 potential causes of hematuria in urine
1) Inflammation/infection of bladder
2) how sample was obtained ie; cysto or catheterization
3) Blockage due to stone
4) bleeding in urinary or repro tract
What elements cause equine urine to turn cloudy?
Presence of mucous
Presence of calcium carbonate crystals
What is anuria?
Lack of urine production/output
What element in the urine causes it to turn an abnormal dark brown colour?
Myoglobinuria
When preparing a sample to be sent to a lab, what kind of container would you put the sample in for shipment and why? How to store while waiting?
Sterile container to avoid contamination
Opaque with tight fitting lid to avoid oxydization
Store in fridge no longer than 12 hours
Is an obstruction of the bladder considered an emergency and why?
Yes.
- The bladder can rupture releasing toxins into the abdomen.
- The overfull bladder is pushing toxins back up into the kidneys
What procedure would be performed to relieve the urinary obstruction?
Catheterization to empty urine out of the bladder as well as to try and flush stone/obstruction back up into the bladder
Would a urinalysis be performed on a blocked cat?
Yes
To determine if crystals are found and determine which kind so we know how to treat…ie sx removal or diet change
Could urine be obtained by cystocentesis on a blocked cat?
No. The bladder will rupture
Catheterization only
List 3 potential causes of obstruction in a blocked cat or dog?
Mucous plug
Stones
Crystals
Why should centrifuge tubes containing urine have a lid?
So air doesn’t break down particles an give an inaccurate sample
If centrifuge tubes not available, what can be used to spin down a urine sample in the centrifuge?
Red top blood tube
Why is it important to change the diff quick stain periodically?
Bacteria can grow in it falsifying your results
What are the most important factors to keep in mind when receiving a sample to perform a urinalysis on…
Run the sample within 1 hour!
If it can’t be run within an hour, refrigerate
Bring to room temp before analysis
Label your sample!
List the chemical properties that are obtained from a dipstick analysis 10 items
PBK PLUNGES
protein PH Nitrites Specific gravity
bilirubin Leukocytes Glucose
ketones urobilogen erythrocytes
To prepare a urine sample to be sent to the lab what steps should be taken?
Check Specific gravity first!
Package in appropriate sterile, opaque container with tight fitting lid
Label with hospital name, owner and pets name, date, what sample is and what for
Package in box with cooler pack to keep cool for transport
Fill out appropriate idexx/ahl paperwork
Besides the change in elements, what can happen to a urine sample if left out at room temperature too long?
Bacteria can grow in it
Crystals start to form
What test is performed to evaluate the renal tubules ability to concentrate or dilute urine?
Specific gravity
What does the term isosthernuria mean?
The specific gravity of the urine is the same as that of plasma
Why is urine collected first thing in the morning best for urinalysis?
- more concentrated
- less likely to be affected by diet and water intake
What does the term polyuria mean?
Uncreased urine output/production
What does the blood test pad on the urine dipstick detect?
Erythrocytes/Myoglobin/Hemoglobin
If a urine sample is brown/red, what does this indicate the presence of?
Myoglobinuria
What type of protein does the protein test pad on a urine dip stick detect?
Albumin
After struggling to collect urine from a fractious cat, the urine is found to have glucosuria? Why is this and why would this appear in a healthy cat?
Cat stress= hyperglycemia causing glucose in the urine
Misreading of the dipstick - perhaps the dipstick wasn’t given an accurate amount of time before reading
Faulty dipstick - always check to make sure product not expired
Would equine urine be considered alkaline or acidic and why?
Due to the horse being an herbivore, the urine would be alkaline
Would a carnivore’s urine be alkaline or acidic?
Acidic
What is hemoglobin?
Protein found in blood cells
What is myoglobin?
Protein found in muscle cells
What does polydipsia mean?
Increased thirst/drinking
What change in specific gravity would you expect in a patient with polydipsia?
Low specific gravity from increased water intake
What change in urine specific gravity would you expect to find in an animal that is dehydrated?
Higher specific gravity
Name 2 common diseases that cause PU/PD in animals?
Diabetes mellitis
Diabetes insipidus
What does the type of crystal formation in urine depend on?
PH
Temperature
Concentration
What are 2 other names for struvite crystals?
Triple phosphate
Magnesium Ammonium phosphate
How is struvite crysalluria treated in dogs and cats?
Diet