Week 1,2,3 Flashcards
Research integrity
Conducting research in ways that are aligned with professional standards so that others can have confidence in the methods used
Research ethics
Research practice viewed from the perspective of moral principles
Why was the Nuremberg code established in 1947
It was found that medical tests were being carried out on concentration camp prisoners without their consent
What makes up a research committee?
What are their roles?
Researchers - evaluate the utility of research
Veterinarians - comment on animal welfare
Ethicists - understanding of ethical principles
Members of public - identify social risks and benefits
What are potential research participants given
A consent form which includes what study is about, what is required of them, contact details of researchers, right to withdraw, sources of funding, how findings will be fed back to them, the benefits of the work.
During research, what must be maintained at all costs
The welfare of participants!
Who set up the Health Research Authority?
The NHS
What does the HRA do?
Aims to protect the interests of patients in research, building confidence and improving the nations health
Risks/benefits relationship
The benefits must outweigh the risks
Examples of low quality evidence that may not be reliable
Social media, newspaper, blogs, questionnaires
Observational vs experimental studies
Observational - there is no intervention. Provides information on associations between an exposure and an event
Experimental - involves an intervention. Allows for the determination of cause and effect
Cross sectional v longitudinal studies
Cross sectional: assesses a phenomenon at one point in time. Examines trends and changes at societal/national/international level.
-single group – one sample of participants recruited from target population
-multiple groups – different groups of defined participants are recruited
Longitudinal: assesses a phenomenon at several points in time. Examines the same people over time.
Retrospective design vs prospective design
Retrospective design – backward looking: examine data that already exists. Tries to identify factors that predict whether something will happen
Prospective design – forward looking: collects new data, then sometimes watch/wait
Case control studies
‘cases’ have the outcome, ‘controls’ do not have the outcome.
usually retrospective
Randomised control group
Participants are randomised into a control (no intervention) or intervention group. Follows groups over time
Measurements are made before and after the intervention
