Week 1-2 Flashcards
What is this lesion?
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates from the flat, squamous cells lining the inside of the mouth, making it the most common form of oral cancer; it can develop on the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, and gums, and is often linked to risk factors like tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and poor oral hygiene.
Early Stage OSCC:
Small, subtle lesion.
May appear as white or red patch, non-healing ulcer, or thickened area.
Often asymptomatic.
Middle Stage OSCC:
Larger and more distinct lesion.
Irregular shape, raised edges, induration.
Ulceration is common.
May cause pain, bleeding, numbness, or difficulty swallowing.
Late Stage OSCC:
Significantly larger tumor invading surrounding tissues.
Very irregular shape, may be fixed to underlying structures.
Ulceration and necrosis are common.
Causes severe pain, difficulty eating and speaking, facial disfigurement.
May spread to lymph nodes.
What is the clinical appearance of a traumatic ulcer?
Redness, swelling, yellow-white center
How would you differentiate between minor and major aphthous ulcers based on size?
Minor aphthous ulcers are typically <10mm, while major ones are >10mm.
What is the key characteristic of geographic tongue in terms of its appearance?
It has a map-like appearance with red patches and white borders that change over time.
What is the usual cause of frictional keratosis?
Rubbing or irritation
What type of infection causes oral candidiasis?
Fungal infection
What are the two main clinical presentations of oral lichen planus?
- White lacy lines (reticular)
- Red ulcers (erosive)
What is the link between oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and betel nut chewing?
OSMF is a pre-cancerous condition linked to betel nut chewing.
Why is biopsy essential in the case of leukoplakia?
To rule out cancer, as leukoplakia can be pre-cancerous or cancerous.
What is the level of cancer risk associated with erythroplakia?
High risk
What are the common sites for oral lesions?
- Buccal mucosa
- Tongue
- Floor of mouth
- Lips
What are the key factors to consider when describing the appearance of an oral lesion?
- Color
- Texture
- Shape
- Size
- Number of lesions
- Presence/absence of ulcers or raised areas
What aspects of an oral lesion should be noted when considering its consistency?
Palpation findings (firm, indurated, soft, fluctuant)
What are some associated symptoms that might accompany an oral lesion?
- Pain
- Bleeding
- Numbness/paresthesia
- Burning
- Itching
- Difficulty swallowing
- Limited mouth opening
What does ICDAS 4 indicate in the context of dental caries?
Dark shadow from dentin, with or without enamel breakdown
What is the color and consistency of an active carious lesion?
Yellowish-brownish in color, soft and leathery
What are the characteristics of an arrested lesion?
Darker in color, absence of plaque, hard upon probing
What are the criteria for ICDAS score 2?
Distinct visual changes in enamel
What does ICDAS score 5 represent?
Distinct cavity with visible dentin
Which heart conditions generally require antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures?
- Prosthetic cardiac valves
- Previous infective endocarditis
- Congenital heart disease (CHD) with specific criteria
- Cardiac transplant with valvulopathy
- Rheumatic heart disease
Tetralogy of Fallot has four heart problems, including a hole between the bottom chambers (VSD), causing blue-ish blood to go to the body. Transposition of the Great Arteries means the main arteries are switched, often needing a hole (VSD or ASD) to survive. Tricuspid Atresia, a missing valve blocking lung blood flow, often needs a hole (VSD or ASD) to get some blood to the lungs. Truncus Arteriosus is one big mixed-blood vessel, usually with a VSD. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection means lung blood vessels connect wrongly, mixing clean and used blood, and may involve an ASD.
What is the recommended antibiotic prophylaxis regimen for patients who require it?
Amoxicillin 2g orally, 1 hour before the procedure
Are patients with isolated ASD or VSD generally required to take antibiotic prophylaxis?
No
What factors should be considered when deciding whether to place a fissure sealant (FS) or fissure protectant (FP) on a molar?
The maturity of the molar and the level of caries risk
Why might you choose FP over FS for a newly erupted molar with high caries risk?
FP has remineralizing effects, which are beneficial for immature molars.