Week 1 & 2 Flashcards
3 signs of pregnancy
- PRESUMPTIVE signs = indivdual thinks pregnancy
- PROBABLE signs = examiner suspects pregnancy
- POSITIVE signs = explained only by pregnancy
Hegar’s sign
softening and compressibility of lower uterus
*exam by doctor
*** PROBABLE SIGN
Chadwick’s sign
violet blue color of cervix & vaginal mucosa due to increased blood flow and estrgen
**PROBABLE SIGN
Goodell’s sign
softening of the cervical tip - mucus plug
**PROBABLE SIGN
colostrum begins developing
at 16 weeks and up to 3 to 5 days after birth
hormones ovaries secrete
vs hormones breasts secrete
ovaries = progesterone
breasts = estrogen & prolactin
Braxton Hick’s
irregular and false contractions with pain relieved by walking
quickening
fetus movement
16 to 20 weeks
best side for pregnant women to lay
LEFT side
relieves pressure on organs
cardiac changes in pregnancy
pulse rate increases 10bpm faster
diastolic decreases in wks 24-32
increased clotting factor
12-20 wks = systolic murmur
increased blood volume and RBC volume
psuedoanemia in pregnancy
result of increased plasma = hemodilution = lower hgb & hct
supine hypotension
result of position leading to fetal hypoxia
dizziness, light-headedness, pallor, and clammy skin
respiratory changes during pregnancy
increased respiratory rate
decreased total lung capacity
diaphragm elevates by 4cm
SOB is common
relaxin hormone
relaxes round ligaments on the ribs and rib cage making it easier to breath
GI changes during pregnancy
increased appetite
constipation (bc hormones)
gallstones
acid reflux
bleeding gums
excess salivation
cholasma
increased pigmentation of the face
linea nigra
dark line from the top of fundus to symphysis pubis
striae gravidum
stretch marks
diastasis recti
separation of muscles 28 to 30 weeks
normal weight gain during pregnancy
25 to 35 pounds
symptoms of pregnancy
n / v / fatigue / SOB
heartburn
constipation - hemorrhoids
backaches
ginigvitis
nose bleeds,
varicose veins & lower edema
uti
urinary frequency
breast tenderness
Leopold maneuver
palpation of fetal position
ballottement
amniotic fluid bounce of fetus
couvade syndrome
father/partner exhibits symptoms of pregnancy
reproductive systems are similar for the first
6 weeks
primary sex characteristics
vs
secondary sex characteristics
primary = directly responsible for reproduction - vagina & testes
secondary = other systems - breast development
Bartholian glands
lubricate the vagina and the cervix
fundus
top of the uterus - where strong contractions originate
boggy fundus
inidicates bleeding
priority = massage or empty bladder
where does fertilization occur
AMPULLA - in fallopian tubes
divisions of the uterus
C.I.C
corpus (top)
isthmus (middle)
cervix (bottom)
layers of the uterus
perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
endometrium (inner & what sheds)
Ovarian Cycle
- Follicular phase - 1st day of menstruation = 1st day of cycle
- Ovulatory phase
- Luteal phase
phases of Endometrial cycle
- Proliferative Phase (1st half)
- Secretory Phase (last half)
- Menstrual Phase
follicular phase
before ovulation = before egg is released
increase in GnRh (hypothalamus) & FSH & LH (ant.pit)
*FIRST day of menstruation to 14 days
Luteal Phase
ovulation = beginning
corpus luteum releases estrogen & progesterone to thicken endometrium & decrease FSH & LH to help fertilize egg
Spinnbarkeitt
elasticity of cervical mucus to avoid promoting infection
karyotype
complete set of chromosomes
genotype vs phenotype
genotype = genes
phenotype = observable traits
Folic Acid requirement before pregnancy vs after
before = 400mcg
after = 600 mcg
Turner Syndrome
missing chromosome on 46
*Monosomy
*X-linked recessive trait - inherit one chromosomefrom each parent
Trisomy results in
**extra chromosome
Kleinfelter syndrome = 47
Downsyndrome = 21
function of corpus luteum
releases estrogen & progesterone to thicken endometrium & decrease FSH & LH to help fertilize egg
pre-embryonic period
first 2 weeks after conception
entry of zygote into the uterus
embryonic period
weeks 3 through 8
major organs develop - differentiate external genitals
heart rate us detectable by transvaginal ultrasound
fetal period
weeks 9 - 38
ways to relieve back pain during pregnancy
use proper body mechanics
perform the pelvic rock exercise every day
ultrasound doppler can detect a heartbeat at
weeks 9 - 12
shiny schultz of the placenta
is the fetal side
oligohydroamnios vs hydramnio
oligo = less than 50 % of expected amniotic fluid for gestation (<400ml)
hydro = > 2000ml of amniotic fluidv
veins and arteries in the umbilical cord
2 arteries
1 vein (placenta to fetus)
pregnancy visits should occur
monthly between 16 to 28 weeks
every 2 weeks between week 29 to 36
weekly weeks 36+
underweight pregnant patients should gain
28 to 40 pounds
overweight pregnant patient should gain
15 to 25 pounds
pregnancy calories per day
2200 to 2900
2nd tri = +340 calories/day
3rd tri = +452 calories/day
pregnancy protein intake should be
71 g per day
iron intake should be
27 mg/day
between meals
w vitamin C
w stool softner
calcium intake should be
1000 to 1300 mg/day
in the first trimester a patient should gain no more than
2-4 pounds
examples of foods high in calcium
dark leafy green vegetables
nuts
legumes
fortified OJ
soy milk
patients who are lactating should consume an additional
450 to 500 calories per day
Nagele’s Rule
estimated date of deliver
FIRST day of last menstrual cycle - 3months + 7 days & change the year
gravida
number of pregnancies
nulli -
primi -
multi-
nulli = never
primi = first
multi = prego more than 1x
para
of pregnancies that ended at 20 weeks or before (miscarriages?)
G.T.P.A.L.
G = gravidity = pregnancies including current
T = # TERM pregnancies (37wks +)
P = # PRETERM pregnancies (less than 36 wks)
A= # of abortions
L = # of living children
fundal height is measured
at 20 weeks then its size should = dates of pregnancy +- 2 weeks
RhO(D) immune globulin vaccine is administered at
28 weeks
test at 20 weeks
intervention for labor pain felt in the back
counter-pressure on the sacrum
glucosuria in urine
is considered a normal variation
external abdominal ultrasound the patient
should have a full bladder
V.E.A.L / C.H.O.P. / M.I.N.E
***FHR pattern
V = variable deceleration
E = early deceleration
A = Acceleration
L = late deceleration
**CAUSE
C = Cord compression
H = head compression
O = okay
P = placental insufficiency
***INTERVENTION
M = maternal reposition
I = ID labor progress
N = no intervention
E = execute interventions
V.E.A.L.
*** readings of FHR
V - variable deceleration
E - early deceleration
A - acceleration
L - late deceleration
CHOP
***causes
C = cord compression
H = head compression
O = Okay!
P = placental insufficiency
MINE
**interventions
M = maternal reposition
I = ID labor progress
N - no interventions
E = execute intervention
count to 10
ten movements in 1 to 2 hours
test to measure fetal movement on fetal heart activity
non-stress test
**reactive is 2 or more accelerations within 20 minutes
** nonreactive if fewer than 2 in 40 minutes
biophysical profile assess
fetal breathing
fetal tone
gross body movements
amnitotic fluid volume
SCRE OF 8 TO 10
less than 4 = asphyxia
contraction stress test
measures if baby can tolerate labor
NEGATIVE IS GOOD = well-being
fetal bradycardia & intervention
less than 110 bpm
change position
administer O2 / iv fluids
stop oxytocin
fetal tachycardia & interventions
> 160 bpm
**due to infection
admin anti-pyretic & O2 / iv fluids
