Week 1/2 Flashcards
What does BOMDAS stand for?
Brackets, Order (exponent), Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction
Epistemology?
branch of philosophy that is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge
Knowledge can be acquired from
personal experience, authority, logic/reason (rationalism), observation, and science
What is an empirical question?
A question that can be answered through observation
What are the principles of the scientific method
objectivity, skepticism, oppenness, tentativeness, and independence from authority
What is objectivity?
supporting evidence MUST be observable by an person aka. anyone else can replicate or observe the experiment
What is an example of objective evidence when measuring anxiety?
physiological responses
What is skepticism?
claims must be backed by evidence which should be carefully and critically evaluated, “show me the evidence”, “let’s have a look”
What is tentativeness?
hypotheses may be revised or discarded in light of future observations
What is independence from authority?
carefully collected evidence is the only authority in science, claims must be supported by evidence no matter who they come from
Some goals of the science of psychology are:
to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour
good theories and hypotheses are
tentative and parsimonious (simplest explanation that accounts for all relevant observations= best)
circular hypothesis
repetitive outcome, unsatisfactory
falsifiability is
capacity for some proposition, statement, theory or hypothesis to be proves wrong i.e. testability
scientific evidence must be:
- empirical
- objective (free from bias)
- systematic (step-by-step)
- controlled (with little to no influence from outside factors on measurements- or at least held constant)
What is the order of the scientific process (design of a study)
Theory Hypothesis Design study Data -> analsye: statistical tests and describe: organise, explore, display, summarise Write report Repeated Experiments Theory
a psychological theory is
a precise statement of how events in the world affect behaviour specifically
Hypotheses are
focused questions derived from theory, and then tested in experiments
What is a null hypothesis?
Represented by H0, it is when there is no relationship between the IV and the DV.
What is an alternative hypothesis?
H1- confirmed relationship between the IV and DV, only accepted tentatively after ruling out null hypothesis
what does statistical data test to discount in regards to the null hypothesis?
chance
Science comes from which latin word, and means?
Scire- to know
What is hindsight bias?
When you read something and feel as though you knew it all along
What is foresight bias?
When you see material and convince yourself you will remember it later
What kinds of knowledge are NOT generated by the scientific method
faith-based and morality-based knowledge
Writing a research report with a detailed methods and results sections demonstrates which scientific principle?
Oppenness
Collecting data based on measurements that you or anyone can readily replicate and observe demonstrates which scientific principle?
Objectivity
Accepting that your hypothesis may have to be revised or discarded in light of new information demonstrates which scientific principle?
Tentativeness
Only accepting evidence as support of a hypothesis or argument demonstrates which scientific principle
Independence from authority or anti-authoritarianism
The view that evidence for a claimed theory or fact must be observable, objective and able to be checked or verified by others is?
Empiricism
