Week 1 Flashcards
What does H stand for in HOMER?
Homeostasis.
An organism is able to regulate its internal environment, even if the external environment changes.
What does O stand for in HOMER?
Organisation.
All living things are made of one or more cells organised into a complex structure. The cells are surrounded by a cell membrane.
What does M stand for in HOMER?
Metabolism.
Living things can transform energy from food or sunlight to allow it to be used for homeostasis, growth, and movement.
What does E stand for in HOMER?
Evolution.
Over time, new species can evolve from previous living organisms.
What does R stand for in HOMER?
Reproduction.
Living organisms are reproduced from other living organisms, with heritable characteristics being passed on.
Is a virus alive according to HOMER?
No.
What was life like 3 billion years ago?
All life on Earth was microscopic.
What were humans like 5 million years ago?
They were not even a distinct species, with humans that look like us only evolving very recently.
What happened when Cyanobacteria developed photosynthesis?
A mass extinction was caused as oxygen was toxic.
Eukarya includes what types of organisms?
All multicellular organisms and some unicellular organisms.
Explain Bacteria.
Single celled, mostly microscopic.
They are everywhere and extremely abundant. Some cauise human disease.
Explain Archaea.
Single celled, live in extremes.
Poorly understood, none are known to cause disease.
Includes methanogens which produce methane (which is responsible for 25-30% of global warming).
What are some roles of protein in a cell?
- Structure of the cell
- Transport across the membrane.
- Regulation
- Enzymes: catalysts that increase te rate of a chemical reaction.
What does running a cell come down to?
Making the right protein at the right time.
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein.
mRNA copies a gene from DNA to convey instructions on making a protein.
Translation and transcription.
DNA also undergoes DNA replication.
What do carbohydrates and lipids include?
Carbohydrates: include energy storage.
Lipids: include phospholipids.
What makes complex molcules and what makes protiens?
Complex molecules are made by enzymes while proteins are made by ribosomes.
What is a gene?
A section of DNA with instructions to make a protein.
What would happen to the ozone layer if there was no photosynthesis?
There would be no ozone layer.
What type of cell is cilia limited to?
What about cell walls?
Eukaryotes.
Bacteria/plants.
What do you need to make sure to do when taking a photo through a microscope?
Add a scale bar.
When referring to an organism, how do you refer to them?
Using binomial nomenclature: Genus species (in italics). Can abbreviate the genus after the first refer.
What is inside a cell?
The inside of the cell is aqueous, with concentrated solutions of salt, proteins, and a few molecules. There is also membrane-bound organelles.
(some people call ribosomes an organelle even though it has no membrane).
What do you call everything outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane?
The cytoplasm.
