Week 1 Flashcards
Term/Front
Definition/Back
What is Cell Theory?
The first unifying principle of biology
What does Cell Theory state?
All living organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the smallest living things and the fundamental units of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
All cells today represent a continuous line of decent from the first living cells
Why are cells so small? Explain in detail
Cells are small due to the Surface Area to Volume ratio. The surface area to volume ratio of a cell refers to the amount of cell membrane (surface area) relative to its internal volume. As a cell grows, its volume increases faster than its surface area, making it less efficient at exchanging materials across the membrane.
What are the similarities between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?
The both have an external cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes
What is a ribosome?
A cytoplasmic structure that is minute and sphere-shaped. It is composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
What is the endomembrane system?
A group of interconnected membranous organelles that function together in synthesis, storage and export of molecules
What is the endomembrane system made up of?
It is made up of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi apparatus, vesicles and lysosomes
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
A series of flattened sacs of membrane that is studded with ribosomes
What is the role of rough ER?
Rough ER produces membrane and proteins, the proteins are then sent to lysosomes
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Same structure as rough ER but has no ribosomes
What is the golgi apparatus?
A series of flattened sacs that are not interconnected, these form stacks called cisternae
What does the golgi apparatus do?
It modifies products that the rough ER produces
What are lysosomes?
They are specialized vesicles formed from the golgi apparatus splitting off membrane
What is the role of lysosomes?
Digesting nutrients, damaged or old organelles and invading organisms
What are vacuoles?
They are membrane bound structures typically found in plants
What is a Mitochondria?
A spherical or rod-shaped organelle that has its own genome and is responsible for the generation of most of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate through the process of cellular respiration.
What is Chloroplast?
A cell-like organelle present in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll (and usually other pigments) and carries out photosynthesis.
What is the role of Mitochondria?
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell, it converts chemical energy into fuel
What is the role of Chloroplasts?
Converts solar energy into chemical energy
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
The theory proposes that some present day eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis between two free living cells
What are the key points about the structure of a Prokaryotic cell?
They are single cell organisms, they are small (1-10 nm), have no internal membrane enclosed compartments and DNA is located in the nucleoid region
What are the key points about the structure of a Eukaryotic cell?
They are single and multicell organisms, larger (10-100 nm), contain membrane enclosed compartments and DNA is located in the nucleus
What does NM after a number mean?
NM stands for nanomole, a nanomole is a unit of measurement that is the amount of a substance equal to a billionth of a mole.
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