Week 1 Flashcards
Growth And Developement
What is the difference between Growth & Development?
Growth refers to the increase in body mass and volume in accordance the increase of cells
Development is the gaining of biological functions and maturation in the physical, mental, language, emotional and social areas, starting from fertilization.
Different types of development and their uses
Distal and Proximal
- Distal development focuses on mobility
- Proximal development focuses on stability
Direction of development
- Cephalocaudal (from head to feet)
- From midline to periphery
- Bilateral and symmetrical in both body halves
What progresses in the Cephalocaudal direction?
- control of the head
- Upper body & extremities develop (before the lower counterparts
What progresses in the midline to periphary direction?
Motor Control
- Midline stability of head to body
Motor control
it is defined as the ability to regulate and direct the mechanisms necessary for movement.
Normal and Typical Motor Development
- Normal motor development refers to development more in line with human norms.
- Typical motor development represents a group with a certain characteristic.
Bilateral and symmetrical in both body halves
Gross Motor Skills
Factors affecting the growth and development process
- Genetic factors
- Gender
- Hormonal Factors
- Factors related to the postnatal environment.
- Skills that emerge through learning and experience
- Environmental conditions
- Nutrition
- Parental attitudes
- External factors such as cultural factors
Embryonic stage
Between conception and the first 8 weeks
Fetal Stage
9th week to birth
Term or full term babies
Between 38th and 40th gestational week
Post-term babies
Between 40th and 42nd gestational week
Pre-term babies
Before 37th gestational week
Stages of childhood
- Newborn (first 28 days)
- Infant (28 days - 2 years)
- Toddler or Preschool (2-6 years)
- School-age (6-12 years old)
- Puberty (12-18 years old)
Normal development parameters
- Motor development
- Reflex development
- Proper postural control
- Adequate limb movements
- Muscle tone
- Sensory development
- Cognitive functions
- Social development
- Emotional development
Motor Development
- Reflexes
- Reactions
- Mobility and postural control
Why is motor development necessary?
- Controlling the body against gravity,
- Keeping the body’s center of gravity within the support surface
- intrasegmental and intersegmental movements.
Individual systems underlying motor control
- Motor\motion systems
- Sensory\perceptual systems
- Cognitive systems
What structures are necessary and important for the control of movement?
- Cerebral cortex
- Subcortical structures
- Brainstem nuclei
- Cerebellum
- Spinal and supraspinal reflex mechanisms
Motor development theories
- Reflex Theory
- Maturation Theory
- Behavioral Theory
- Dynamic System Theory
- Central Pattern Generators
- Neuronal Group Selection Theory
- Synactive Theory Of Development
Central Pattern Generators
neural circuits within the nervous system that can produce rhythmic motor patterns like walking, breathing, or swimming, even without sensory feedback or specific commands from the brain;
- Central pattern generators in the brainstem are responsible for rhythmic functions such as chewing, breathing and swallowing.
- spinal level are responsible for spontaneous lower extremity movements and walking.
