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Intro to Statistica > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Data

A

Morsel of information describing a population

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1
Q

Primary Data

A

Data you or your organization has collected.

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2
Q

Secondary Data

A

Data that somebody else has collected and made available for others to use

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3
Q

Parameter

A

Data that looks at the entire population and describes an interesting attribute.

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3
Q

Statistic

A

Data that describes something interesting about population.

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4
Q

True Zero Point

A

Something with a true zero value does not exist when its numerical value is zero. (ex., $0)

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4
Q

Population

A

Entire group of things being studied or calculated

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4
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population, a small group being studied where the results will be attributed to the entire group.

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8
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Data that uses descriptions.

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9
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Data that uses numerical values.

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10
Q

Nominal Level of Measurement

A

Qualitative data. Descriptive data.

Examples:

- Male or Female
- Dog Breeds
- State Names
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11
Q

Ordinal Level of Measurement

A

Qualitative Data. Descriptive observations that can be ranked.

Examples:

- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
- Education Level Reached (High School, College, etc.)
- Star Rating (*, **, ***, ****)
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12
Q

Interval Level of Measurement

A

Quantitative data. Ranked but with even distribution between levels. Does not have a true zero.

Examples:

- Temperature
- IQ Score
- Letter Grades (A, B, C, D, or F)
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13
Q

Ratio Level of Measurement

A

Quantitative data. Has a true zero point.

Examples:

- Amounts
- Length
- Height
- Distance
- Price
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13
Q

Time Series Data

A

Looks at data for one population over a spread of time (years, months, days, etc.)

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14
Q

Cross-Sectional Data

A

Data that compares data from several populations during one specific moment in time

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14
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Summarizes data and facts. Does not look to draw conclusions.

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15
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Arrives at new conclusions regarding populations. Creates new information.

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16
Q

Class

A

Category, What each bar represents in a bar graph

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17
Q

Continuous Data

A

Data points (number, rank, etc.) that continue across a graph without break. (ex., 1-under 5, 5-under 6).

There are no gaps between bars in a histogram when the data is continuous.

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18
Q

Culmulative Percentage Polygon (Ogive)

A

A line graph charting the cumulative relative frequency distribution of a population

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19
Q

Culmulative Relative Frequency Distribution

A

Takes frequency distribution chart and calculates accumulating percentages of classes. (ex. 1=0.10, 1&2 = 0.35, 1&2&3= 0.80, 1&2&3&4=1.0)

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20
Q

Discrete Data

A

Data points are amounts usually. They cannot contain decimals and percentages. In histograms, the bars do not touch.

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21
Q

Frequency Distributions

A

Data organized into a chart without calculations.

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22
Q

Histogram

A

A frequency chart in graph form

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23
Q

Percentage Polygon

A

A histogram drawn as a line graph. Usually compares multiple populations.

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24
Q

Relative Frequency Distribution

A

Takes a frequency distribution chart and calculates the percent of each class. (ex. 1=0.10, 1&2 = 0.25, 1&2&3= 0.45, 1&2&3&4=0.20)

25
Q

Symmetrical Distribution

A

When the left and right sides of a histogram mirror each other. Bell curve.

26
Q

Clustered Bar Chart

A 
|        _     _
|    _ |O|   |X|
|   |X||O|   |X| _
|   |X||O|   |X||O|
--------------------
27
Q

Bar Chart

A 
|
|   |X|
|   |X|   |X|
|   |X|   |X|
---------------
28
Q

Horizontal Bar Chart

A 
|
|XXXXXX
|XXXX
|XXXXXXXXX
|
29
Q

Stacked Bar Chart

A 
|
|
|  X  X
|  O  X  X
|  O  O  O
-----------------------
30
Q

Line Chart

A 
|                    /
|          /\      /
|      /\/   \   / 
|    /         \/
----------------
31
Q

Scatter Plot

A 
|    .    . . . 
|   . . . .
|  . ..
| .    .
-------------
32
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Placed on the vertical axis of a scatter plot.

33
Q

Independent Variable

A

Placed on the horizontal axis of a scatter plot

34
Q

Pie Chart

A

Relative frequency distribution proportionally put into a circle graph that resembles a pie

35
Q

Pareto Chart

A

Used in Quality Control.

Contains a bar chart and a line chart.

36
Q

Contingency Table

A

A frequency distribution type chart, but one that contains multiple classes for multiple populations

	| Right Hand	| Left Hand	| Total -----------	|----------------	|----------------	|-------- Males	|       43		|           9		|   52 -----------	|----------------	|----------------	|-------- Females	|       44		|           4		|   48 -----------	|----------------	|----------------	|--------- Totals	|       87		|          13		|  100
37
Q

Stem & Leaf Display

A

You take the [tenth] number of a multiple digit number and follow it with the [ones]

(61,72,60,60,78,63,74)

6|0013
7|248

38
Q

Categorical Data

A

Data classified into categories.

Examples:

- Male or Female
- Married, Single, or Divorced
- Yes or No
39
Q

Index Point

A

Determines the position of the median.

40
Q

Left Skewed Distribution

A

Where the mean is larger than the median

|                      X
|                X    X
|          X    X    X
|    X    X    X    X
----------------------
41
Q

Mean

A

The average of the data set.

42
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

One number that gives us the central point of the data. There are many options for this number (mean, median, etc.)

43
Q

Median

A

Midway point in data set. Arrived at by placement, not numerical value

44
Q

Mode

A

The number (or data point) most repeated. It’s possible to have a data set with two mode (bimodial).

45
Q

Outliers

A

Extremely high or low data points

46
Q

Right Skewed Distribution

A

Where the median is higher than the mean.

|    X
|    X    X
|    X    X    X
|    X    X    X    X
---------------------
47
Q

Weighted Mean

A

Average of a data set, but where some of the data points are given more weight than others. (Like a class grade.)

48
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Shows how spread out (or not spread out) the data set is.

49
Q

Range

A

The numerical difference between the highest data point and the lowest data point.

50
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The square root of the variance. It gets rid of all negative numbers and gives each data point a “score.”

51
Q

Variance

A

Measurement of how spread out the data is. Different Methods can be used.

52
Q

Coefficient of Variation

A

Ratio between standard deviation and the mean. The lower number indicates that a data set has better consistency between data points.

53
Q

z-Score

A

Tells us the ranking of a particular data point. (Ex., Your GRE test score against all GRE test scores.)

54
Q

Midpoint

A

When a class contains a numerical spread (like 20-25 year olds vs. 26-30 year olds), this gives you the class average so you can make calculations with the data.

55
Q

Box and Whisker Plot

A

A line is drawn showing the spread of entire data set. A box is drawn around the spread of data between Q1 & Q3. The box is split with a vertical line showing Q2. Then, a dotted line is horizontally drawn on both sides of the box representing the IRQ. If there are any outliers, these are notated with asteriks.

56
Q

Five Number Summary

A 
Min
Q1
Q2
Q3
Max
57
Q

Interquartile Range (IRQ)

A

Q3 - Q1

58
Q

Measures of Relative Position

A

Compares one particular data point against the entire data set.

59
Q

Percentiles

A

Measure the approximate percentage of data values below the value of interest.

60
Q

Percentile Rank

A

Tells you what percentile you fall into

61
Q

Pth Percentile

A

Any number between 1-100 where at least P% of the data falls below P

62
Q

Quartiles

A

Divides data into quarters.

63
Q

Central Tendency

A

Tells the center point of data set

Intro to Statistica (2 decks)

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