Week 1 Flashcards
Atherosclerosis is ____________
Arteriosclerosis is ____________
- Cholesterol build up binds to vessel walls narrowing/blocking blood flow
- Thickening/stiffening of arteries disrupts blood flow
Define ischemic heart disease.
Blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle via the coronary arteries is reduced and muscle damage occurs.
What does cholesterol do?
What is ‘good’ and ‘bad’ cholesterol?
It’s a fat our bodies use for metabolic processes.
HDL is good- removes excess cholesterol via the liver
LDL is bad- builds up in blood vessels narrowing them and causing clots
What is angina?
Lack of oxygen and blood flow through the coronary arteries causes chest pain.
What are the 4 types of cardiovascular disease?
- Coronary heart disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Mesenteric ischemia
What is a myocardial infarction?
Reduced blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle via coronary arteries causes tissue death
Eg. heart attack
What is a pPCI?
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Non invasive procedure to open and support narrowed arteries
What’s the difference between a thrombus and embolus?
What’s the term used for the break up and prevention of clots?
- Thrombus is a clot bound to a vessel walls narrowing where an embolus is a free clot
- Thrombolysis
What is a CABG?
Coronary artery bypass graft
Vessel transplanted to bypass the coronary artery and restore blood flow to the heart muscle
What is left ventricular hypertrophy?
The left ventricle is overworked causing muscle thickening and ineffective pumping of blood.
What is cardiomyopathy?
Any cardiac condition that stiffen, thickens or enlarges the heart muscles reducing its ability to pump blood
Name the 8 cardiovascular diseases
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart failure
- Cardiomyopathy
- Aortic disease
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Valvulitis
- Pericarditis
- Congenital heart disease
What is the most common cardiovascular disease?
Coronary artery disease
What is coronary artery disease?
What are the 2 types of associated angina?
Reduced blood flow through the coronary artery causing myocardial tissue necrosis.
Stable angina with a fixed plaque exacerbated by exertion.
Unstable angina with haemodynamically unstable thrombus.
Define heart failure.
What are the 3 types?
The heart isn’t strong enough to effectively pump blood
1. Left sided heart failure
2. Right sided heart failure
3. Congestive heart failure
Define cardiomyopathy.
Name the 3 types.
Stiffening, thickening or enlarged heart muscles causing ineffective pumping.
1. Dilated
2. Restrictive
3. Hypertrophic
Define aortic disease.
Name the 2 types.
Abnormal widening of the aorta.
1. Aortic aneurism
2. Aortic dissection
What is valvulitis?
Name 3 common causes.
Inflammation of the heart valves.
1. Rheumatic heart disease (Streptococcus Pyogenes)
2. Aortic/mitral stenosis
3. Aortic/mitral regurgitation
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium causing the visceral and parietal layers to rub together on contraction.
Define congenital heart disease.
Name the 5 types.
Heart and vessel disorders present at birth.
1. Patent foramen ovale
2. Patent ductus arteriosus
3. Coarctation of aorta
4. Transposition of the great vessels
5. Tetralogy of fallot
What are 4 non modifiable risk factors for CVD?
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Family history
What are 6 modifiable risk factors for CVD?
- Smoking
- Hypertension
- Cholesterol
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Exercise
What are the 3 levels of CVD prevention?
- Primordial - lifestyle changes
- Primary - before cardiac event
- Secondary - after cardiac event
When measuring the JVP waveform, how many cm is considered significant?
4cm
What does a raised JVP indicate?
Right heart failure and tricuspid regurgitation
What is the mnemonic APT-M- 2245 referring to?
The auscultations sites for the heart valves.
A. Aortic
P. Pulmonic
T. Tricuspid
M. Mitral
Numbers refer to intercostal spaces.
A ‘whooshing’ sound heard at the carotid is called?
What does it indicate?
Bruits.
Partial obstruction of carotid blood flow.
What does pedal pitting oedema indicate?
Right heart failure
What are the fancy terms for ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ sounds?
Vesicular and adventitious
