WEEK 1 Flashcards
cells, organisation, anatomical position, planes, directional terms, serous membranes
Anatomy vs physiology
ANATOMY is the branch of science dealing with the structure of organisms and their parts as well as examines the relationship between structure and functions of body parts- organisation of living things
PHYSIOLOGY is the branch of science that deals with the normal function of living organisms and their parts
> cell physiology examines processes in cells
> systemic physiology considers functions of organ systems
pathology
medical science dealing with all aspects of disease as well as structural and functional changes resulting from disease
levels of physiology
MOLECULAR> processes and interactions in cells
CELLULAR> in cells
SYSTEMIC>functions of organ systems, eg neurophysiology, cardiovascular
what are the levels of anatomy?
- GROSS (macroscopic)
structures examined without aid of microscope
>systemic: studying the body system by system
>regional:studying body region by region - SURFACE ANATOMY (macroscopic)
involves looking at body exterior to visualise and understand structures deeper inside - MICROSCOPIC
study of structures with aid of a microscope
>cytology (study of cells)
>histology(study of tissues) - DEVELOPMENTAL
study of structural changes throughout lifespan from fertilisation to death
>greatest developmental changes occur before you are born
>embryology considers changes from conception to eighth week of development
organisation of the human body
- CHEMICAL
how atoms interact and combine to form molecules - CELLULAR
how molecules interact and combine to form organelles - TISSUE
numerous similar cells and tissues around them join to form tissue type, eg connective, epithelium, smooth muscle, nervous
>characteristics of a cell determine function of tissue - ORGAN
two or more tissue types form an organ performing one or more specific functions - ORGAN SYSTEM
multiple organs combine to form an organ system that perform a common function or set of functions - ORGANISM
any living thing considered as a whole- in humans it is a combination of all organ systems- network of systems mutally dependant on one another
characteristics of an organism/life
- ORGANISATION
specific relationships/interactions among parts of an organism and how they perform their functions - METABOLISM
ability to use energy and to perform other vital functions> all chemical reactions taking place in cells and internal environment of organism - RESPONSIVENESS
ability to sense and adjust/react to changes in the environment, respond to internal and external stimuli - GROWTH
an increase in the size or number of cells> overall enlargement of organism - DEVELOPMENT
changes an organism undergoes though time> can include differentiation - REPRODUCTION
formation of new cells and new organisms> all living things pass on genes to offspring
homeostasis
- existence and maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external and internal environment
- the body actively regulates constantly changing conditions
- eg body temperature, blood glucose
>homeostatic mechanisms maintain body near an ideal normal value, the set point - for our cells to function normally all variables must be maintained in the narrow normal range (slightly above or below set point)
- failure of homeostasis can lead to disease or death
modern medicines seeks to understand disturbances during homeostasis and maintain normal range
negative feedback
- most body systems maintained by negative feedback mechanisms to return to normal range
- activated when i/e environment conditions changes from optimal> the body counteracts the change, returning body cells to normal functioning
-the effect reduces or eliminates the stimulus
positive feedback
- response to stimulus reinforces and intensifies stimulus (deviation from set point increases)
- eg oxytocin causes contraction of uterus, pushing baby toward cervix, cervix stimulation causes pituitary to release more oxytocin
what is the anatomical position
- standard reference we use to describe body parts and their position/relation to other parts
- an erect person with:
>face forwards
>upper limbs langing by side palms forwards
>lower limbs straight - provides clear and consistent way of describing and understanding human anatomy and physiology
supine
prone
laying face up
laying face down
superior
inferior
- cranial or cephalic
- toward the head
- eg chin is superior to naval
- caudal
-toward feet/tail - eg pelvis inferior to stomach
anterior
posterior
- ventral
- toward front
- eg breast anterior to spine
- dorsal
- toward back
- eg kidneys posterior to naval
proximal
distal
- close to the body
- elbow is proximal to wrist
- far from body
-toes are distal to knee
medial
lateral
- toward midline of body
- eg sternum is medial to shoulder
- away from midline of body
- eg ears are lateral to nose
superficial
deep
- closer to surface
- eg skin is superficial to bone
- toward interior of body
- eg muscle is deep to the dermis
body planes
- a plane divides or sections the body so we can see inside
- sagittal
-frontal/coronal
-transverse
-oblique
sagittal plane
separated body into left and right
>median plane is mid-sagittal
frontal plane
separated body into anterior and posterior parts
>eg coronal suture of the skull across the top
transverse plane
separates body into superior and inferior parts
-plane runs parallel to ground
oblique plane
- does not run parallel to ground
doesnt make a right angle
body cavities
- closed to the outside, provides protection
- contains our viscera
- central body cavity contains head neck and trunk
>trunk is further divided into thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
regions of abdomen
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
why do we divide abdomen into quadrants and regions?
They are the reference points on the exterior of body to locate underlying organs.
serous membranes
- also known as serosa
- line trunk cavities and cover organs inside cavities
-double layered
parietal and visceral serous membranes and serous fluid
PARIETAL
lines body cavities
VISCERAL
lines internal organs
SEROUS FLUID
membranes separated by thin film of serous fluid produced by membranes
>prevents internal organs from being rubbed raw and reduces friction from movements of the viscera and acts as a lubrication
pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
peritoneal cavity
- has parietal and visceral pericardium w/ pericardial fluid
- has parietal and visceral pleura w/ pleural fluid
- lungs and ribs
- parietal and visceral peritoneum w/ peritoneal fluid
- stretched around abdominal cavity
- liver, digestive organs, reproductive organs
- retroperitoneal organs tightly adhered to posterior body wall and covered by peritoneum only on their peritoneal cavity side, eg kidneys, uterus
pericarditis
pleurisy
peritonitis
- inflammation of pericardium
- inflammation of pleura
- inflammation of peritoneum
minor vs major homeostatic disturbances
minor> easily recovered naturally by body
major> can’t recover (medical intervention)
organs in each of the three major body cavities
thoracic> heart and lungs
abdomen>liver, stomach, intestines
pelvic>bladder, reproductive organs
