Week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.
A
Parasitology
2
Q
the study of parasites
A
Parasitology
3
Q
Parasitology deals with the parasites which infect man
A
morphology, epidemiology, life cycle
4
Q
Parasitology deals with the the diseases they produce
A
pathogenicity
5
Q
Parasitology deals with response generated by
A
him vs. them & various methods of diagnosis & prevention.
6
Q
a natural phenomenon that are dependent on other organisms (host) for their survival
A
Parasite
7
Q
______ an organism that is entirely dependent on another organism, referred to as its _____, for all or part of its life cycle and metabolic requirements:
A
Parasite, Host
8
Q
Small, unicellular and multiplies within its vertebrate host, often inside cells
A
Microparasite (small)
9
Q
Microparasite (small)
• Small, unicellular and multiplies within its vertebrate host, often inside cells:
A
viruses – virology
- bacteria – bacteriology
- protozoa – best described in parasitology
10
Q
Large, multicellular and has no direct reproduction within its vertebrate host.
- helminth
A
Macroparasite (big)
11
Q
Example of macroparasite and the common illnesses
A
helminthes, iron deficiency anemia (b12)
12
Q
On the basis of location, parasites may also be divided into 2 types:
A
Ectoparasites and Endoparasites
13
Q
___________. Organisms which live on the surface of the skin or temporarily invade the superficial tissues of the host. The infection by these parasites is known as ________
A
Ectoparasites, Infestation
14
Q
Ectoparasites example
A
lice
15
Q
_______. Organisms that live within the body of the host. The invasion by endoparasites is known as ______
A
Endoparasites, Infection
16
Q
Endoparasites example
A
Protozoa
Helminthes
17
Q
organisms that cannot exist w/o a host, entirely dependent
A
Obligate Parasite
18
Q
Obligate Parasite Example
A
T. Gondii or Toxoplasma Gondii
19
Q
organisms that under favorable circumstances may live either a parasitic or free-living existence
A
Facultative Parasite
20
Q
Facultative Parasites Example
A
N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. & Balamuthia mandrillaris
21
Q
organisms that attack an unusual host
A
Accidental/Incidental Parasites
22
Q
Accidental/Incidental Parasites Example
A
granulosus in man
23
Q
organisms that attack a host where they cannot live or develop further , occurs in an unusual organ or habitat
A
Aberrant/Erratic Parasites
24
Q
Abberant/Erratic Parasites Example
A
Toxocara canis in man
25
Aberrant/Erratic Parasites Unusual Organ or Habitat
larva stage only
canis – dog, feline – cat
26
describes the non-parasitic stages of existence which are lived independently of a host
Free living
27
have active free-living stages in the soil
Hookworm
28
free-living organism that passes thru the GIT w/o infecting the host.
Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
29
larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free- living.
Transitory
30
completes its life cycle in a host; remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life.
Permanent
31
lives on its host for a short period of time.
Temporary
32
primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man.
Zoonotic
33
lives inside the body of a host; invasion is called “endoparasitism
Endoparasite
34
lives on body surfaces; invasion is called “ectoparasitism”.
Ectoparasite
35
visits the host only during feeding time (mosquito, bed bug, flea, tick, biting fly
Intermittent
36
Intermittent – visits the host only during feeding time (mosquito, bed bug, flea, tick, biting fly)
This is also called
Vector
37
An organism which harbors the parasite & provides the nourishment & shelter to the latter.
Host
38
Types of Endoparasites
Obligate Parasite
Facultative Parasite
Accidental/Incidental Parasite
Aberrant/Erratic Parasites
Free living
Spurious/Coprozoic Parasite
Transitory
Permanent Temporary
Zoonotic
EndoparasiteEctoparasite
Intermittent
39
An organism which harbors the parasite & provides the nourishment & shelter to the latter
Host
40
this is the host in which sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place or in which the most highly developed form of a parasite occurs;
Definitive Host
41
harbors the adult or sexual stage of a parasite
Definitive Host
42
example of definitive host
Ascaris Lumbriocides, you can be infected if you ingest the embryotic egg into your body.
43
this is the host which alternates with the definitive host & in which the larval or asexual stages of a parasite are found.
Intermediate host
44
Some parasites require 2 intermediate hosts for completion of their life cycle; harbors the larval or asexual stage of a parasite.
Intermediate host
45
Example of intermediate host
peripheral blood smear is the basis diagnose for malaria
46
it is a host in which larval stage of a parasite survives but does not develop further but remains alive and is infective to the next host.
paratenic host
47
only larvae stage, and they do not evolve to adult worms.
paratenic host
48
it is a host which harbors the parasite & serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts.
Reservoir Host
49
are important in the control of parasitic diseases; allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection.
Reservoir Host
50
This term is used to describe an animal infection that is naturally transmissible to humans either directly or indirectly via a vector.
Zoonosis
51
Zoonosis example
Leishmaniasis
- South American trypanosomiasis
- Rhodesiense trypanosomiasis - Japonicum schistosomiasis
- Trichinosis
- Fascioliasis
- Hydatid disease - Cryptosporidiosis
52
An agent, usually an insect, that transmits an infection from one human host to another
Vector
53
describes a vector which assists in the transfer of parasitic forms between hosts but is not essential in the life cycle of the parasite.
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
54
role of the insect is to transfer
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
55
ex: housefly can contaminate with an egg of ascaris
Mechanical/Phoretic Vector
56
an arthropod vector in whose body the infecting organism develops or multiplies before becoming infective to the recipient individual; transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development
Biologic Vector
57
an arthropod vector in whose body the infecting organism develops or multiplies before becoming infective to the recipient individual; transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development
Biologic Vector
58
Involve life cycle
Biologic Vector
59
Mosquitoes parasites transmitted
Plasmodium spp. Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi
60
Biting flies parasites transmitted
Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma brucei, filariae
61
kissing bugs parasites transmitted
Trypanosoma cruzi
62
Ticks, Cockroaches, houseflies
Babesia spp.
63
when two species benefit each other by mutually increasing their chances of survival, or the progress of their environment
Symbiotic Relationships, Symbiosis
64
literally means “living together”; an association in which both host & parasite are so dependent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the other.
Symbiosis
65
living together of phylogenetically different organisms (ex. host & parasite)
symbiosis
66
involve in nature
Symbiosis
67
beneficial to both organisms
Mutualism
68
Species A & B can be benefit
Mutualism
69
from Latin word “eating at the same table”; an association in which only parasite derives benefit without causing any injury to the host; beneficial to one organism, neutral to the other
Commensalism
70
Species A benefits & B unaffected
Commensalism
71
a relationship in which a parasite benefits & the host provides the benefit. The host gets nothing in return & always suffers from some injury. The degree of dependence of a parasite on its host varies; beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other.
Parasitism
72
worst kind of relationship
Species A benefits & B affected
Parasitism
73
Parasitic infection originates from the ff. sources
contaminated soil and water
freshwater fishes
crab and crayfishes
raw or undercooked pork
raw or undercooked beef
watercress
blood sucking insects
housefly
dog
cat
man
auto infection
74
Contaminated soil & water
Hookworm, Ascaris, Amebiasis
75
Water contaminated with —— may contain ——-
human excreta , viable cysts
76
Freshwater fishes
constitute the source of D. latum & C. sinensis
77
Crab & crayfishes
sources of P. westermani.
78
Raw or undercooked pork
source of T. spiralis, T. solium, T. saginata asiatica & Sarcocystis suihominis.
79
Raw or undercooked beef
source of T. saginata, T. gondii & S. hominis
80
Watercress
source of F. hepatica
81
green/aquatic vegetable – ex: kangkong
watercress
82
Blood-sucking insects
transmit Plasmodium spp., W. bancrofti, etc.
83
Housefly (mechanical carrier)
source of E. histolytica
84
Dog
source of E. granulosus & T. canis (visceral larva migrans).
85
Dog
source of E. granulosus & T. canis (visceral larva migrans).
86
cat
source of T. gondii
87
Man
source of E. histolytica, E. vermicularis & H. nana
88
Autoinfection
may occur with E. vermicularis & S. stercoralis
89
Autoinfection: may occur with E. vermicularis & S. stercoralis leading to
hyper infection
90
Autoinfection: may occur with E. vermicularis & S. stercoralis leading to
hyper infection
91
the commonest portal of entry of parasites is oral, thru contaminated food, water, soiled fingers or fomites
mouth
92
parasites penetrate the unbroken skin of individual walking over fecally-contaminated soil (Hookworm, S. stercoralis) or when blood-sucking arthropods puncture the skin to feed (Plasmodium spp.
skin
93
parasites penetrate the unbroken skin of individual walking over fecally-contaminated soil
Hookworm, S. stercoralis
94
blood-sucking arthropods puncture the skin to feed
plasmodium spp
95
T. vaginalis is transmitted by sexual contact. E. histolytica & G. lamblia may also be transmitted by anal-oral sexual practices among male homosexuals.
Sexual contact
96
is transmitted by sexual contact.
T.vaginalis
97
may also be transmitted by anal-oral sexual practices among male homosexuals.
E. histolytica & G. lamblia
98
transmitted from person-to-person by kissing or from contaminated drinking utensils.
kissing
99
transmitted from mother to fetus transplacentally (T. gondii & Plasmodium spp.).
Congenital
100
transmitted from mother to fetus transplacentally (T. gondii & Plasmodium spp.).
Congenital
101
passes to pregnancy
congenital
102
airborne eggs of E. vermicularis may be inhaled into posterior pharynx leading to infection.
inhalation
103
airborne eggs of ____ may be inhaled into _____ leading to infection.
E. vermicularis, posterior pharynx
104
malaria parasites may be transmitted by transfusion of blood from the donor with malaria containing asexual forms of erythrocytic schizogony (trophozoite-induced malaria or transfusion malaria). Malaria parasites may also be transmitted by the use of contaminated syringes & needles.
Iatrogenic Infection
105
malaria parasites may be transmitted by transfusion of blood from the donor with malaria containing asexual forms of
erythrocytic schizogony (trophozoite-induced malaria or transfusion malaria)
106
may also be transmitted by the use of contaminated syringes & needles.
malaria parasites
107
MOT: Ingestion
Mout/oral cavity (most intestinal parasites)
108
MOT: Larval skin penetration
skin
109
MOT: skin inoculation (vector borne)
skin
110
MOT: sexual intercourse (venereal)
urogenital tract
111
MOT: oral anal intercourse
mouth/oral cavity
112
MOT: Intranasal
nose
113
MOT: vertical transmission (mouther to fetus)
transplacental
114
MOT: autoinfection
Internal (within the intestine) or external (hand to mouth)
115
3 MAJOR GROUPS OF PARASITES ON THE BASIS OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE
No intermediate host
One intermediate host
Two intermediate host
116
if there is no intermediate host, it requires
definitive host
117
capacity of the parasite to produce damage to its host
Pathogenicity
118
types of pathogenicity
traumatic damage
lytic necrosis
competition for specific nutrients
inflammatory reaction
allergic manifestation
neoplasia
secondary infection
