Week 1 Flashcards
Public Health, HTN, Cholesterol
what are the 3 component that define health according to the world health organization
complete physical, mental, and social well-being not just the absence of disease
what is primary prevention?
a set of actions that aim to prevent problems from happening before they occur.
-reduce risk
-increase immunity
-encourage protective factors
Examples of primary prevention
Vaccinations, bike helmets, seat belts, bike lanes, sidewalks, making substances illegal known to be associated w.disease/health conditions, health education, prenatals
secondary prevention
a public health strategy that aims to detect and treat diseases or injuries early to reduce their impact(minimize severity of damage caused by illness, disease or injury)
examples of secondary prevention
screening (mammograms, bp monitoring, check BMI), treatment (medications for high BP, triglycerides), tracking and treating people with STDs, diet and exercise to prevent heart attacks or strokes.
Tertiary prevention
a set of actions that aim to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has ALREADY occurred
-diagnosis established.
Examples of tertiary prevention
rehabilitation(after stroke, heart attack), medications( hypertension meds), regular checkups and test to monitor conditions, support groups, mental health programs, peer support.
risk management
the idea of identifying risk in the medical profession and implementing strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes in the future
examples of risk management
identifying and mitigating risks associated with medication errors, surgical procedures, patient falls, improper data security, non-compliance with regulations, poor communication between staff, outdated medical equipment, and potential complications related to specific patient conditions or treatments
Pre-contemplation
not yet considering change or UNWILLING or UNABLE to change (raising awareness)
Contemplation
sees the POSSIBILITY of change but is UNCERTAIN
Examples of ways to improve patient adherence to healthcare recommendations
-increase awareness
-give clear written patient education instructions in their language
-use illustration
-videos
-teach back
-keep diary (monitor meds intake, bp)
-make convenient (dosing, alerts)
USPSTF
United States Preventive Service Task Force
Name of the independent panel of experts that is responsible for developing the majority of the clinical preventative medicine recommendations carried out in the US.
United States Preventive Task Force
Public Health
focuses on populations as a whole more than one community at a time thats being affected
Population health
focuses on a specific population in a GEOGRAPHICAL (like neighborhood) location
two types of modes of transmission for communicable disease
Direct or Indirect
Types of Direct Modes of Transmission(example)
Direct Contact (staph infect=wash your hands)
Droplet spread (influenza..sneezing>wear mask)
Types of indirect Modes of Transmission
Airborne(sneeze..wear mask)
Vehicle borne(air pollutants
Vector borne
- biological( pathogen in vector transferred by biting)=example: malaria, rabies
-mechanical=vector carries the pathogen and transmit it through physical contact. example: flies transmitting pink eyes.
Examples of immunocompromised states
Cancer patients and patients who received radiology treatment
why shouldnt immunocompromised patients not receive live vaccines
it can cause severe or fatal infections
if you have a pt diagnosed with reportable illness, who must you inform?
Public health department
how many cases is considered an outbreak
Just one case
what variables in the environment can impact health
Health, water, food and soil
causes of health disparities
social and economic inequality, racial and ethnic discrimination, provider bias, stereotyping and prejudice
examples of health disparities
-Higher death rates in AA in heart disease and HIV than other races
-lack of screening for homosexual people/couples (mammograms, std)
-hypertension in AA
equality
everyone benefits from the SAME supports
equity
everyone gets the support they NEED
examples of social determinants of health
-conditions in which people grow, live, and age
-economic policies
-racism
-climate change
-employment,income
-neighborhood (housing, transportation, safety)
-education(literacy, language)
-food
-health care availabilty
gender identity
person internal sense of their gender (cis, nonbinary etc)
gender expression
how they communicate that gender to others (how they dress etc)
neglect
failure to have necessary supplies, food for proper care
examples of neglect
bed ulcers, poor hygiene, noncompliant with meds, dehydration, malnutrition
epidemiology
study of distribution (frequency, pattern) and determination (causes, risk factors) of health related state and events (not just diseases) in specified populations(neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global)
why is epidemiology important to patient care
lowers disease and mortality, better care for the community
what is the best type of study to use when performing a quantitative research study? Why?
randomized control trial because it is double-blind and they dont know who gets control(placebos) or tested. therefore, it lowers the risk of altered results.
disease control
-reduce the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of a disease to an acceptable level
-requires ongoing intervention to maintain the reduction in disease
disease elimination
-reduces the incidence of a disease to zero in a specific area
-requires constant monitoring and interventions to prevent reintroduction of the disease
disease eradication
-permanently reduces the incidence of a disease to zero worldwide
-once achieved, there is no need for further intervention to prevent or treat the disease
disease extinction
the disease pathogen no longer exists in nature or in a laboratory
-can occur with or without deliberate efforts
herd immunity
a point at which a disease cant easily spread through a group of people (majority of community/population is immunized)
what is considered elevated bp
systolic >120
diastolic >90
values for stage 2 hypertension
> 140 systolic
90 diastolic
recommended lifestyle modifications for pts w. elevated BP
-weight reduction
- DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension)
-Sodium Reduction (restriction)
-Exercise
-Limit alcohol consumption
modified Risk Factors for HTN
Obsesity
High Sodium Diet
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Physical Inactivity
Tobacco Use
gold standard for HTN
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)
how many reading do you need to diagnose HTN?
2 elevated in office readings on separate days
what is the goal BP for those being treated with meds. for essential HTN
> 130/80
why is HDL considered protective/good chlosterol
actively removes excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and carries it back to the liver for elimination.
why do we care about cholesterol levels
risk of coronary disease
abnormal lipoproteins (cholesterol) leads to and what are the risk factors
Atherosclerosis (cardiovascular disease)
RISK FACTORS: HTN, obesity, family history
lifestyle changes for hyperlipidemia
restrict cholesterol intake and fats
increase soluble giber intake
exercise
weight reduction
treat htn
more polyunsaturated fats
if pt have high triglyceride what are they at risk of developing
Pancreatitis
treatment of chronic pancreatitis
low fat diet and no alcohol
treatment of acute pancreatitis
NPO, pain management, antibiotics, IVs(hydrations)
what does elevated nonHDL cholesterol put patients at risk of developing
cardiovascular disease
why is it important to prevent elevated nonHDL
can lead to heart disease and heart attacks
what is used to test blood sugar levels
A1C
what levels indicates diabetes
A1C levels of 6.5 or higher
what is normal A1C levels
below 5.7
when is MMR, and varicella immunization given
2 doses
1 dose= 12=15 month
2 dose 4-6y/o
*cant be given before 1 because immune system isnt fully developed
when is DTap, and Hib given
4 dose
2,4,6 month and then12-15 months
*dtap 5th dose optional 4-6y/o
polio
2,4,6-18 month, 4-6y/o
hep b
3 dose
0,1,6 month
RSV
one singly dose
infant >8 months one dose
influenza
annually <6month
COVID
2 dose 8 weeks apart
Shingrix
2 dose 2-6 month apart
tetanus
3 dose
every 10 years Td
