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Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Naturopathy

A

Naturopathy = natural healing

Naturopathy is a system of health-care, which encourages and promotes the body’s own self-healing mechanisms.

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2
Q

What kind of therapies are used in Naturopathy ?

A

Nutrition
Fasting
Hydrotherapy
Naturopathic manipulations
Herbal medicine
Acupuncture
Homeopathy

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3
Q

Which cultures have practiced natural healing ?

A

Naturopathy (natural healing) dates back to the beginnings of human civilisation.
* Ancient Egypt (5000 years)
* India (Ayurveda) (4000 years)
* China (TCM) (4000 years)
* Ancient Greece (3000 years)
* Native Americans (3000 years)

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4
Q

Hippocrates (468-377 BC)

Who was Hippocrates and what did he believe ?

A

Hippocrates (468-377 BC); known as the father of medicine.
* Established that disease is due to diet, lifestyle and the environment.
* Used foods as the primary source of medicine “first use food, then herbs, finally intervention”.
* Hippocrates believed in the healing powers of nature (‘vis medicatrix naturae’).
* “Nature is the physician of man”

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5
Q

Hippocrates (468-377 BC)

What is the most famous Hippocratic quote ?

A
  • “Let food be thy medicine, and medicine be thy food”.
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6
Q

Hippocrates (468-377 BC)

What key principals did Hippocrates instigate ?

A
  • The physician restores balance with the help of the patient.
  • The patient takes responsibility in the process of healing
  • Careful case taking
  • Keeping detailed medical records
  • Prognosis
  • Convalescence.
  • Healing crises
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7
Q

Hippocrates (468-377 BC)

What is the Hippocratic Oath ?

A

The Oath which physicians make on graduation from medical school.

  • “I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability in judgment.”
  • “I will keep them from harm and injustice.”
  • “I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I suggest this effect.”
  • “In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.”
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8
Q

What do we mean by “herbal actions”?

A

How a herb works in clinical practice

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9
Q

Where does the term ‘Alterative’ come from?

A

An obsolete word in pharmacology meaning ”a drug that restores normal health”.

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10
Q

Name some well-known ‘Alterative’ herbs

A
  • Burdock (Articum lappa, liver, lymph, skin)
  • Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, liver, digestion)
  • Nettle (Urtica dioica, liver, kidneys)
  • Red Clover (Trifolium pratense, blood cleanser)
  • Echineacea (Echinacea angustifolia, lymph, immune)
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11
Q

List the kinds of knowledge about plants that apply to herbal medicine.

A
  • Botany
  • Identification, habitat and distribution
  • Actions (what plants do in the body)
  • Energetics (how plants affect the flow of energy in the body).
  • Chemistry and how it impacts on human health
  • Indications (what conditions plants are used for)
  • Dosage – amount and frequency
  • ‘Herbal Monograph’ – a detailed written study of a single specialised herb
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12
Q

What is a “herbal monograph”?

A

Detailed written study of ONE plant.

Tells us what we need to know about the plant: botantical name, common names, actions, constituents, energetics, indications, part used, distribution/habitat, dose, safety

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13
Q

List the kinds of knowledge about people that apply to herbal medicine.

i.e people-related skills we can learn to apply

A
  • Traditional “energetic” diagnostics (tongue and pulse)
  • Naturopathic diagnostics, incl. Iridology
  • Pathology and biomedical diagnosis
  • What are the underlying factors in causing disease?
  • What do symptoms mean?
  • How do we assess and respond to a patient’s needs?
  • How do we manage a patient’s expectations?
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14
Q

What sorts of actions can herbs have?

A
  • Organ-/Tissue-specific (eg hepatic or cardiotonic)
  • General actions - similar effect on all tissues (eg stimulating)
  • Multiple (eg hepatic, diuretic, laxative, bitter etc.)
  • Patient-specific (respond to the sum of individual conditions)
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15
Q

List some organ/tissue- specific herb actions with examples

A
  • Hepatic - acts on the liver - Milk Thistle
  • Cardiotonic - tones the heart & circulation - Hawthorn
  • Diuretic - stimulates urination - Dandelion leaf
  • Diaphoretic – stimulates perspiration (skin) Elderflower
  • Expectorant -stimulates elimination of mucous from the respiratory tract –Elecampane
  • Nervine - relaxes and/or tones the nerves - Skullcap
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16
Q

List some general herb actions with examples

A
  • Stimulant - stimulates, no matter what organ or tissue - Capiscum annuum (Cayenne)
  • Astringent - contracts and tones tissues -Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
  • Demulcent – soothes, lubricates and cools -Althea officinalis (Marshmallow)
  • Vulnerary - promotes wound healing - Symphtum officinale (Comfrey)
  • Nutritive tonic - nourishes - Urtica dioica (Nettle)
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17
Q

What are the actions of an ‘Adaptogen’ ?

A

Help us to adapt to the stresses of life. Balancing, modulating

  • Have a normalising influence corrects conditions independent of the nature of the condition
  • Enable more rapid but less exaggerated healing response
  • Are innocuous at a normal dose level – no toxicity, no extreme actions, generally well-tolerated
  • Allow more sustained peak in blood glucose, and a more gradual decline in blood glucose.
  • Are often also described as “general tonics”

e.g. Ginseng root

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18
Q

What is an ‘Alterative’ herb?

and give examples

A

Blood and lymph cleanser
This may be via a number of other actions (hepatic, diuretic, diaphoretic) and also by aiding digestion

eg Burdock root
eg Echinacea, stimulates phagocyte production that promotes clearing up of pathogens in lymph

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19
Q

How does an Alterative action ‘restore health’?

A

By working on specific organs (e.g. liver, kidneys, lymph nodes) in order to stimulate certain processes to facilitate the removal of wastes and toxins

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20
Q

What are some well-known ‘Adaptogens’ ?

A
  • Wild Oat (Avena sativa, nerve tonic, anxiolytic)
  • Siberian ginseng (Eleuthorococcus senticosus, adrenal tonic, counteracts radiotherapy effects)
  • Panax ginseng (adrenal/general tonic)
  • Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea, energy tonic)
  • Borage (Borago officinalis, adrenal tonic)
  • Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, nutrititive/general tonic)
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21
Q

List the Seven Principles of Naturopathy

A
  1. Vis Medicatrix Naturae (the healing power of nature, Qi, prana)
  2. First do no harm (non-invasive, non-toxic treatments)
  3. Find the cause (lifestyle, history, constitution)
  4. Treat the WHOLE person
  5. Doctor as teacher (Latin doceo = I teach).
  6. Establish positive health (as opposed to “killing/curing” disease)
  7. Prevent if possible
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22
Q

List three functions of a Professional Association.

A
  • Arrange insurance
  • Maintain standards of practice
  • Codes of ethics and conduct
  • Accredit training services
  • Provide Continuing Professional and Development (CPD) opportunities
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23
Q

What are the assessment tools of the professional herbalist?

A
  • The Case Questionnaire (presenting complaints; current medication; medical history; family history; current lifestyle (diet, exercise etc.); systems status screening and assessment)
  • Traditional diagnostics (energetics, tongue and pulse)
  • Iridology (information about individual constitution)
  • Clinical diagnostic skills (palpation, blood pressure, temperature, etc)
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24
Q

How is a treatment plan arrived at?

A

1.Decide diagnosis
* Conventional (pathology, differential diagnosis)
* Traditional (energetic)

2.Decide causative factors
* Lifestyle
* History
* Constitution

3.Choose herbs from knowledge bases to fit
* Pathology
* Energetics
* Causes

4.Give advice on lifestyle, diet etc.

5.Monitor treatment and revise as necessary

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25
Q

Vincenz Priessnitz (1799 – 1852)

Who was Vincenz Priessnitz ?

A
  • An Austrian farmer and a contemporary of Schroth, who built a sanatorium in 1822
  • Regarded as the father of naturopathy and the founder of modern hydrotherapy
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26
Q

Vincenz Priessnitz (1799 – 1852)

What principal did Priessnitz understand ?

A
  • Bio– individuality
  • Every person is unique and has individual nutritional and therapeutic requirements
  • ‘Our task is not to treat the disease, but the patient’.
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27
Q

Sebastian Kniepp (1821 – 1897)

Who was Sebastian Kniepp ?

A
  • German priest, known as the father of hydrotherapy
  • Cured his own tuberculosis by bathing in the river Danube
  • Studied under Priessnitz
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28
Q

Benedict Lust (1872–1945)

Who was Benedict Lust ?

A
  • Considered the father of naturopathy in America
  • Developed TB in America and returned home to Germany to die
  • Cured by Kneipp in eight months
  • On return to America began using the term ‘naturopathy’
  • Founded the first American College of Naturopathic Medicine
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29
Q

Dr Bernard Jensen 1908 – 2001

Dr Bernhard Jensen

A
  • American, studied under Benedict Lust.
  • Advocated bowel cleansing as the most important aspect in maintaining health.
  • Used chlorophyll extensively in enemas and colonics.
  • Claimed a 40% success rate curing leukaemia.
  • Developed advanced iridology and promoted toxaemia theory.
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30
Q

Claude Bernard 1813 – 1878

Who was Claude Bernard ?

A
  • French founder of modern physiology and ‘terrain’ theory
  • Proposed the ‘milieu interieur’ (internal environment) as the foundation of good health
  • An internal environment in equilibrium (homoeostasis) prevents disease taking hold
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31
Q

Antoine Bechamp 1816 – 1908

Who was Antoine Béchamp ?

A
  • French biologist and chemist
  • Viewed low pH and O2 as the root of problems.
  • His work reinforced the naturopathic concept of unity of disease.
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32
Q

What is Terrain Theory ?

A
  • Developed by Antoine Béchamp (19C) and Claude Bernard
  • Opposed Pasteur’s ‘germ theory’
  • Disease is due to the internal environment milieu intérieur, not microbes
  • Germs are ‘opportunistic’ , living with us symbiotically
  • Disease occurs from within the body
  • Treatment should promote health instead of ‘killing germs’
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33
Q

What are the 12 Naturopathic principles ?

A
  1. The healing power of nature
  2. Prevention is preferable to cure
  3. Treat the cause, not a symptom
  4. The ‘whole’ person is treated
  5. Health is more then ‘Absence of infirmity’
  6. The person is treated, not the disease
  7. The individual is unique
  8. Disease stems from imbalance
  9. Disease is due to the internal environment
  10. Addressing deficiency and excess
  11. Ailments should not be suppressed
  12. A Naturopath is an educator
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34
Q

Give some examples of suppression

A 
* Steroid creams drives disease deeper into the body; instead we need to eliminate toxins
* Antidepressants don’t solve problems; instead we need to ‘process’ experiences and make positive lives changes.
* Removal of tonsils suppresses innate healing responses, making us less able to fight microbes, and at risk of more serious diseases in the lungs, heart and GIT.
* Fever reducing drugs (paracetamol, Calpol, etc.) suppress healing responses. Instead we need to encourage sweating using warm baths and teas.
* Painkillers mask symptoms and can cause GIT bleeding. Instead we need to listen to the bodies warning signs. If the ankle hurts, let it rest and use applications to promote circulation and speed up the healing.
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35
Q

Naturopathic philosophy

What is Nature cure ?

A

Natural healing

  • Literal meaning of Natur(opathy) is ‘disorder’ of ‘nature’.
  • Naturopathy is the art of restoring order in the mind and body through natural healing
  • It is a philosophy that reunites us with nature’s laws.
36
Q

Name the origins and date of the first documented Materia Medica

A

From the Ayurvedic traditions 200BC

37
Q

What are the origins of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ?

A
  • An aggregate of systems from Confucianism (550BC) and Taoism (400BC)
  • First records appear in 4thC BC from Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s classic)
38
Q

Who was Asclepius?

A
  • Mythological Greek physician
  • Raised and trained by the centaur Chiron
  • Credited with “miraculous healings”
  • “Cult of Asclepius” (magic/superstition) throughout ancient Greece
39
Q

What are the four elements of the Greek system of medicine and name the founder.

A

Air, fire, water, earth
Empedocles

Empedocles

40
Q

Which ancient Greco-Roman philosophers (not physicians) are credited with laying the foundation of (rational) medicine by explaining how the world works?

A

Empedocles
Aristotle

41
Q

What are the four primary qualities and by whom were they assigned?

A

Hot, cold, dry, moist
Aristotle

42
Q

Who created the first definite Western Materia Medica; when did he live and describe the contents of his work.

A

Pedanius Dioscorides
* 1st century CE
* Greek-born Roman army physician
* Described 600 herbs in detail
* Prototype model of herbal pharmacopoeia

43
Q

This person was born in Pergamon (Syria) in 130CE, further developed Hippocratic medicine and was an early pioneer of surgery (on animals).

A

Claudius Galenus (Galen)

44
Q

This Arab physician of 869CE emphasized the importance of diet and hygiene over drugs and introduced mercury for skin complaints.

A

Rhazez

45
Q

This Arab physician advocated clean air, moderate diet, balance in work and rest, emotional positivity and the “evacuation of superfluities”

A

Ibn Butlan
1068CE

46
Q

The Arab physician who was a physician in Baghdad at age 17 and wrote a definitive medical text known as “Canon of Medicine”. He also recognized the influence of astrology on patient and plant.

A

Avicenna
(Ibn Sina)
(980-1037 AD)

47
Q

Hygiene

What is meant by the naturopathic term ‘Hygiene’

A

General lifestyle changes that support vitality and healing.

For example:

  • Wearing clothes that breathe, i.e. wool, cotton, linen or silk.
  • Having adequate rest after exercise or illness in order to recuperate.
  • Importance of exercise, earthing, sleep, sunshine and breathing.
48
Q

Laws of Cure

What are Hering’s Laws of Cure

A

Constantin Hering (1800 – 1880) was an early pioneer of homoeopathy these observations of the healing process led to his five laws of cure. These are:
1. From inside out.
2. From more serious organs to less serious organs.
3. The mind gets better before the body.
4. Symptoms disappear in the reverse order to when they arrived.
5. From above to below.

49
Q

What part of Europe did the Arab physicians settle in the 1st century.

A

Salerno, Italy

50
Q

Where did the Myddfai school of medicine reside and during what century.

A

Wales, 6thC AD

51
Q

What are the four core naturopathic philosophies ?

A
  1. Unity (unitary) of disease.
  2. Vitalism
  3. Bio –individuality
  4. Auto-toxaemia
52
Q

Unity of disease

Define: Unity of disease

A

There is always one underlying common denominator to states of ill-health.

  • Diseases are just symptoms of this primary imbalance
  • Formerly known as ‘unitary of disease’
  • Naturopaths may approach this concept from different angles
  • Stay focussed to find the underlying denominator
53
Q

Unity of disease

Why is the Acid/alkaline balance important?

A

Low pH (acidic) = low oxygen levels in extracellular tissue
Denatures proteins - affecting all cellular functions

54
Q

Vitalism

Definition of Vitalism

A

Vitalism recognises and works with Vital Force or Life Force, the innate intelligence that animates the body, orchestrates self-healing, self organisation and regeneration mechanisms

55
Q

Fundamentals of cure

What are the four fundamentals of cure

A
  1. Diseases have the same cause
  2. The body always tries to heal itself
  3. Do not suppress symptoms
  4. The body can heal itself
56
Q

Fundamentals of cure/Do not suppress symptoms

What can happen if symptoms are suppressed ?

A

Symptoms suppression acts against the body’s self-healing mechanisms and drives disease deeperinto the system.

When suppression occurs, the body finds different ways to express itself, resulting in deeper-seated, often chronic problems, that are more detrimental to health and longevity

57
Q

Fundamentals of cure /The body can heal itself

Give some examples of the self-righting power of the human system

A
  • If we cut a finger, blood clots; broken bone mends; the body builds new living tissue.
  • Cells continuously renew themselves; i.e. red blood cells (90–120 days), liver (5 months), epidermis (40 days), intestinal epithelial cells (five days), taste buds (10 days)
  • What you EAT today becomes your body tomorrow
58
Q

Vitalism

How do naturopaths work with Vitalism?

A

Vitalism is concerned with the flow of Vital Force in the mind and body
Poor health and pathology due to either the:

  • Blockage of Vital Force
  • Insufficiency of Vital Force

The aim of treatment is, therefore, to:

  • Identify and remove the blockage (+/-)
  • Identify insufficiency and replenish

Both treatments restore the flow of Vital Force (good nutrition and digestive health are essential to maintaining the vital force)

59
Q

Bio-individuality

What are examples of differences contributing to Bio-Individuality ?

A
  • Age (life-stage)
  • Genetics
  • Medical history
  • Energetic constitution
  • Diet, lifestyle and environment
  • Blood type (which leads to different strengths and weaknesses)
60
Q

Autotoxaemia

Autotoxaemia

A

“Self-toxicity”
The understanding that toxic bowel wastes are reabsorbed back through the bowel wall and into the bloodstream, particularly in cases of chronic constipation.

61
Q

Fundamentals of cure/Do not suppress symptoms

What are the different levels of disease caused by suppression?

A 
Acute (hyperactivity) ie *cold*
Sub-acute (intermittent activity) i.e. *sinusitis*
Chronic (hypoactivity) i.e. *bronchitis*
Degenerative (necrosis) i.e. *emphysema*
62
Q

List four occurrences that shaped the transition of medicine from the Middle Ages to the Modern World.

A
  • The Black Death & Syphilis
  • European trade with India & China (Marco Polo c1300)
  • Christopher Columbus 1492
  • The Herbalist Charter, Henry VIII 1548
  • 16thC Paracelsus & ‘Doctrine of Signatures’
  • 17thC Nicholas Culpeper, the People’s Herbalist
63
Q

What invention resulted in the production of many herbal texts of the Renaissance era?
Name one such text and it’s author.

A

The printing press
The Herball or General Historie of Plantes
John Gerard 1545

64
Q

This doctor studied at Cambridge and is known as the ‘People’s Herbalist’. Explain why he became known by this title.

A

Nicholas Culpeper 1616-1654
* Was passionately concerned for the poor
* Emphasised local garden herbs for all instead of expensive imported remedies
* Translated medical texts from Latin to English

65
Q

This physician developed the Doctrine of Signatures

A

Paracelsus (1493-1541)
“nature marks each growth…according to its curative benefit”

66
Q

Name four authors that any serious student of Herbal Medicine should be familiar with

A
  • John Gerard
  • John Parkinson
  • William Turner
  • Nicholas Culpepper
67
Q

What is the Triad of health

A

Good health required balance at the emotional, biochemical and structural levels.

Imbalance at one or more of these levels leads to dysfunction and disease.

68
Q

How are treatments targeted in the Triad of health

A

Treatments are targeted as appropriate:

  • Emotional level: Bach flower therapy, homoeopathy, counseling, etc
  • Biochemical level: nutrition, herbal medicine, tissue salts,homoeopathy, etc
  • Structural level: massage, osteopathy, cranio-sacral, lymphatic drainage, Alexander technique, bodyworks etc.
69
Q

What are the effects of doseage according to Arndt-Schulz Law ?

A
  • A small stimulus (dosage) encourages a living system. Stimulates Vital Force
  • A medium stimulus (dosage) impedes, moderates or restricts a living system. Neutral effect on Vital Force
  • A large (or strong) stimulus (dosage) stops or destroys a living system. Suppresses Vital Force.

The Arndt-Schulz Law helps to explain homoeopathy where poisons such as mercury and aconite are used in dilation promote cure.

70
Q

Describe four contributions from North America that affected Western Herbal Medicine in Britain

A
  • Mayflower 1620, first immigrants from Europe learned from native Americans
  • Samuel Thomson (1769-1843)
  • Physiomedicalists and Eclectics born out of Thomson’s school but represented separate American traditions
  • Albert Coffin arrived from American in Britain in 1839 bringing physiomedicalists system with him
71
Q

This self-taught herbalist was a pig farmer in America and advocated the use of Cayenne and Lobelia to address his theory of the three basic disease states: hot, cold, alternating hot/cold.

A

Samuel Thomson
(1769- 1843)

72
Q

Name the founder and basic theory behind The Physiomedicalists

A

Alva Curtis
* Vis Medicatrix Naturae
* Remove blockages of life force
* Stimulated by scientific discoveries of the day (eg discoveries about circulatory and nervous systems)

73
Q

Name the physiomedicalist author and the work that describes the extremes of pathological affects on human tissue (such as hot and cold)?
How did he classify herbal actions?

A

JM Thurston
* The Six Tissue States (1900)
* Organ Specific: hepatic, nervine
* Tissue Specific (general): astringent, stimulant

74
Q

Name the founder and basic theory of The Eclectics

A

Wooster Beach 1794-1868
* Blend of scientific and traditional knowledge
* Aimed at a comprehensive inventory of pathologies matched to specific remedies

75
Q

Hydrotherapy

What is the definition of Hydrotherapy ?

A

Hydrotherapy is the therapeutic use of water as a healing agent.

  • Thermodynamics (hot and cold) and ‘blood redistribution’ are two of the main properties associated therapeutic hydrotherapy
  • Water is a solvent and a carrier, its actions are cleansing, tonifying, reducing, relaxing and dilating
76
Q

Hydrotherapy

What are the external applications of hydrotherapy?

A
  • Epsom salt baths
  • Alternating hot and cold therapy
  • Sitz baths
  • Compresses and packs
  • Foot baths
  • Steam baths and saunas
77
Q

Hydrotherapy

How do Epsom salts operate?

A
  • Help remove acid wastes (i.e. lactic acid) due to vasodilation of skin pores (due to warm water), and toxin movement from low pH skin to the high pH magnesium solution
  • Small amount of magnesium is also absorbed through the skin (where it acts as a nervous and muscular relaxant)
  • Epson salt baths benefit all body functions and are especially good for skin conditions, fungal infections and poor circulation
78
Q

Hydrotherapy

What are the benefits of clay, loam, mud or rock salt?

A
  • Detoxification
  • Provide an alkaline medium when applied topically which helps draw acids from the area
  • Clays and muds are rich in calcium. Salt is rich in sodium. Both major alkaline minerals.
79
Q

Hydrotherapy

What are the benefits of contrast therapy?

A
  • Stimulates blood flow
  • Increases oxygen and nutrient delivery
  • Promotes lymphatic drainage

“Cold water increases respiration and slow circulation. Hot water restores respiration and increases circulation”
(Heinrick Francke Rausse)

80
Q

Hydrotherapy

What is a Sitz bath used for?

A

Used to relieve congestion of the pelvic region in conditions such as:
o Prostatitis
o Haemorrhoids
o Anal fissures
o Constipation
o Infections

81
Q

Hydrotherapy

What ailments benefits from contrast foot-baths ?

A

Contrast foot baths for cold feet, poor circulation, arthritis, musculoskeletal problems.

82
Q

Hydrotherapy/Internal

What are the internal functions of water?

A
  • Essential for hydration and elimination of acid wastes via the kidneys and bladder.
  • ‘Universal solvent’ for a wide range of vitamins, minerals and trace elements
  • Essential to healthy assimilation and digestion. For example, healthy bile flow requires adequate water content to prevent stasis
  • Carrier which mobilizes nutrients into cells and wastes out of cells
83
Q

Hydrotherapy/Internal

What are the properties of hard water?

A
  • High solute (mineral) content (>150mg / L) mainly comprising carbonates of calcium and magnesium
  • Poor bio-availability of minerals
  • Less likely to leach metals such as copper or iron from water pipes due to higher levels of alkaline bicarbonate
  • Examples of hard water: Spring water, natural mineral water, sea water
84
Q

Hydrotherapy/Internal

What are the properties of soft water?

A
  • Low solute (mineral) content (<75mg / L)
  • More likely to have a lower pH (acidic), so can potentially leach metals from water pipes
  • Do not store in plastic
  • Examples of Soft water: rainwater, reverse osmosis (RO) water, distilled water
85
Q

Hydrotherapy/Internal

What are the properties of
distilled water?

A
  • Preferred water in naturopathy
  • Soft water (absence of minerals)
  • 100% pure (when used with charcoal filter to dissolve hydrocarbons)
  • Formed from evaporation and condensation
  • Acidic pH (Do not store in plastic)
86
Q

Name key developments in the establishment of “scientific” medicine

A
  • Fomalisation of Medical school training ( 18th/19thC)
  • Germ Theory: Pasteur and Koch set the stage for antibiotics
  • Vaccination
  • Many skeptics against natural medicine

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