Week 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 “concepts of community”?
GARR!
Geography
Affiliation (culture)
Relationships (power – disenfranchised)
Resources (who has the power? who in the community gets things done?)
What are the 4 Levels of Prevention?
Health Promotion
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
***Health Promotion (“main focus of course”)
– stupid, long, wordy definition from slides
The process of…..
Health is therefore…..
What is the aim of health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
… Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not just the objective of living
Achieving health for all
Health Promotion
– simple definition
promotion of wellness in healthy individuals
Promotion > protecting health people already have
Healthcare > restoring health once threatened
***Describe Health Promotion.
I-CARD
Involves population as a whole in context of everyday life
Combines diverse, but complementary approaches
Aims particularly at effective and concrete public participation (“don’t want to DO FOR, want to WORK WITH”)
Recognizes that health professionals, particularly in primary health care, have an important role
Directed toward action on the determinants or causes of health
WHO convened the First International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa in 1986.
Detail the prerequisites for health identified at this healthcare hootenanny.
Food & PIESSSS
food peace income education shelter stable ecosystem sustainable resources social justice/equity
***What are 5 Strategies for Health Promotion
from
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?
BCD RS
Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Develop personal skills Re-orient health services Strengthen community action
– Ottawa Charter/WHO, 1986
What 3 health promotion processes were identified at the First International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa in 1986.
MAE
Enabling
Advocating
Mediating
What 2 things came up at the conference re. the public and public policy?
Public participation is essential to achievement of health for all Cdns
Public policy has a great influence on people’s everyday lives; it has the power to provide people with opportunities for health or to deny such opportunities
Primary Prevention
> prevention of illness or disorder before it occurs
True avoidance of an illness or adverse health condition through health promotion activities and protective actions using a socio-environmental approach
Examples of primary prevention
ion x 4 NISE
H x 3
nutrition
immunization
sanitation
education
hygiene
health
housing
Secondary Prevention
> early identification and treatment, screening
The early detection and treatment of adverse conditions
Examples of secondary prevention
Cure of illnesses that would be incurable at later stages
Preventions of complications and disability
Confinement of spread of communicable diseases
What is an important component of secondary prevention?
Screening (diabetes, hypertension, cervical cancer)
Tertiary Prevention
> reduction in long-term disability and chronic complications
Used after diseases or events have already resulted in damage to individuals
Examples of tertiary prevention
“Meals on Wheels” for the homebound, physical therapy for stroke victims, mental health counseling for rape victims
Purpose of tertiary prevention?
To limit disability and rehabilitate or restore the affected people to their maximum possible capacities
According to WHO, what is health?
“A state of enough physical/mental/social well-being to enable people to work productively and participate actively in the social/economic life of the community in which they live.” (WHO, 1978)
***According to WHO, what is mental health?
A state of well-being in which the individual: (4) Realizes Can Can Is
A state of well-being in which the individual:
Realizes his or her own potential
Can cope with the normal stresses of life
Can work productively and fruitfully
Is able to make a contribution to her/his own community
(World Health Organization, 2008)
According to WHO, what is Primary Healthcare?
E-BAG
Essential health care,
Based on practical, scientifically sound/socially acceptable methods/technology,
At an affordable cost, and
Geared toward self-reliance and self-determination
– 1978 – WHO – Alma Ata Declaration on PHC
***According to WHO, what are the 5 principles of Primary Healthcare?
(book calls it philosophy of PHC)
ICU HI!
Intersectoral approaches to health
Community participation in defining and implementing health agendas
Universal access and coverage based on need
Health equity oriented to social justice
Integration of the health system linking acute and chronic needs
and
recognizing the importance of both preventative and curative systems
First described in the Declaration of Alma-Ata, Primary Healthcare refers to the five principles on which action on “__________” must be based.
HEALTH FOR ALL
The Declaration further details 8 essentials – services that nations must have in place to create positive conditions for health.
***What are the 8 essential elements of Primary Healthcare?
PAPA CAMP
Prevention / control of locally endemic diseases
Apropos tx of common diseases and injuries
Provision of essential drugs
Adequate supply of safe water / basic sanitation
***
Communicable disease control and immunization
Adequate nutrition and safe food supplies
Maternal and child care
Prevailing health problems - education for ID/prevention/control
What are the 3 mechanisms intrinsic to health promotion?
Self-care, mutual aid, healthy environments.
What were the two studies re. the
History of Population Health
Whitehall studies (UK) Black report
What did the Whitehall studies show?
Clear gradient in health status
Gradient not a result of deprivation or exposure
Effects of an exposure differ across the gradient
What did the Black report show?
What kills us changes but the gradient remains
Overall, what did the Whitehall studies and the Black report show? (2)
The size of the gradient has a powerful effect
Increasing recognition of limits of health care
Population health is an approach that focuses on?
the interrelated conditions / factors * that have an impact on the health of human populations [and sub-populations] * across the life stages
Population health encompasses?
THE HIP
The social, economic and physical environments Health services Early childhood development Human biology Individual capacity and coping skills Personal health practices
What does population health use epidemiology to identify?
systematic variations in patterns of occurrence of health and illness
Population health uses epidemiology to identify systematic variations in patterns of occurrence of health and illness. What does it do with the resulting knowledge?
It applies the resulting knowledge to
develop and implement policies and action
to improve the health and well being of the population.
The ‘determinants of health’ is
a collective label given to the factors and conditions which are thought to have an influence on health
Crucial is to the notion of the ‘determinants of health’ is …? (2)
They do not act in isolation.
*
Complex interactions have a profound impact on health
Since most determinants of health fall outside of the health sector, those working in the health sector must …?
forge new relationships with groups not traditionally associated with health,
but
whose activities may have an impact on health
***What are the 12 determinants of health?
I BEE GC PS PS HH
income and social status * biology and genetic endowment education employment and working conditions gender culture * physical environments social environments * personal health practices and coping skills social support networks * healthy child development health services
Population Health Approach - Key Elements (8)
A FAB II CU
Apply multiple strategies * Focus on the health of populations Address the determinants of health and their interactions Base decisions on evidence * Increase upstream investments Increase accountability for health outcomes * Collaborate across sectors and levels Use mechanisms for public involvement
Roles / Functions for Nurses
C5 A SERF LEP
Communicator Coordinator Collaborator Consultant Community Developer * Advocate * Social Marketer Educator Researcher Facilitator * Leader Enabler Policy Formulator
