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Community Health > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 “concepts of community”?

GARR!

A

Geography
Affiliation (culture)
Relationships (power – disenfranchised)
Resources (who has the power? who in the community gets things done?)

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2
Q

What are the 4 Levels of Prevention?

A

Health Promotion
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

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3
Q

***Health Promotion (“main focus of course”)
– stupid, long, wordy definition from slides
The process of…..
Health is therefore…..

What is the aim of health promotion?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
… Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not just the objective of living

Achieving health for all

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4
Q

Health Promotion

– simple definition

A

promotion of wellness in healthy individuals

Promotion > protecting health people already have
Healthcare > restoring health once threatened

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5
Q

***Describe Health Promotion.

I-CARD

A

Involves population as a whole in context of everyday life

Combines diverse, but complementary approaches

Aims particularly at effective and concrete public participation (“don’t want to DO FOR, want to WORK WITH”)

Recognizes that health professionals, particularly in primary health care, have an important role

Directed toward action on the determinants or causes of health

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6
Q

WHO convened the First International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa in 1986.
Detail the prerequisites for health identified at this healthcare hootenanny.
Food & PIESSSS

A 
food
peace
income
education
shelter
stable ecosystem
sustainable resources
social justice/equity
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7
Q

***What are 5 Strategies for Health Promotion
from
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?
BCD RS

A 
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Develop personal skills
Re-orient health services
Strengthen community action

– Ottawa Charter/WHO, 1986

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8
Q

What 3 health promotion processes were identified at the First International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa in 1986.
MAE

A

Enabling
Advocating
Mediating

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9
Q

What 2 things came up at the conference re. the public and public policy?

A

Public participation is essential to achievement of health for all Cdns
Public policy has a great influence on people’s everyday lives; it has the power to provide people with opportunities for health or to deny such opportunities

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10
Q

Primary Prevention

A

> prevention of illness or disorder before it occurs

True avoidance of an illness or adverse health condition through health promotion activities and protective actions using a socio-environmental approach

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11
Q

Examples of primary prevention
ion x 4 NISE
H x 3

A

nutrition
immunization
sanitation
education

hygiene
health
housing

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12
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

> early identification and treatment, screening

The early detection and treatment of adverse conditions

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13
Q

Examples of secondary prevention

A

Cure of illnesses that would be incurable at later stages
Preventions of complications and disability
Confinement of spread of communicable diseases

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14
Q

What is an important component of secondary prevention?

A

Screening (diabetes, hypertension, cervical cancer)

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15
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

> reduction in long-term disability and chronic complications

Used after diseases or events have already resulted in damage to individuals

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16
Q

Examples of tertiary prevention

A

“Meals on Wheels” for the homebound, physical therapy for stroke victims, mental health counseling for rape victims

17
Q

Purpose of tertiary prevention?

A

To limit disability and rehabilitate or restore the affected people to their maximum possible capacities

18
Q

According to WHO, what is health?

A

“A state of enough physical/mental/social well-being to enable people to work productively and participate actively in the social/economic life of the community in which they live.” (WHO, 1978)

19
Q

***According to WHO, what is mental health?

A state of well-being in which the individual: (4)
Realizes
Can
Can
Is
A

A state of well-being in which the individual:

Realizes his or her own potential

Can cope with the normal stresses of life

Can work productively and fruitfully

Is able to make a contribution to her/his own community

(World Health Organization, 2008)

20
Q

According to WHO, what is Primary Healthcare?

E-BAG

A

Essential health care,

Based on practical, scientifically sound/socially acceptable methods/technology,

At an affordable cost, and

Geared toward self-reliance and self-determination
– 1978 – WHO – Alma Ata Declaration on PHC

21
Q

***According to WHO, what are the 5 principles of Primary Healthcare?
(book calls it philosophy of PHC)
ICU HI!

A

Intersectoral approaches to health

Community participation in defining and implementing health agendas

Universal access and coverage based on need

Health equity oriented to social justice

Integration of the health system linking acute and chronic needs
and
recognizing the importance of both preventative and curative systems

22
Q

First described in the Declaration of Alma-Ata, Primary Healthcare refers to the five principles on which action on “__________” must be based.

A

HEALTH FOR ALL

23
Q

The Declaration further details 8 essentials – services that nations must have in place to create positive conditions for health.
***What are the 8 essential elements of Primary Healthcare?
PAPA CAMP

A

Prevention / control of locally endemic diseases

Apropos tx of common diseases and injuries

Provision of essential drugs

Adequate supply of safe water / basic sanitation
***
Communicable disease control and immunization

Adequate nutrition and safe food supplies

Maternal and child care

Prevailing health problems - education for ID/prevention/control

24
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms intrinsic to health promotion?

A

Self-care, mutual aid, healthy environments.

25
Q

What were the two studies re. the

History of Population Health

A 
Whitehall studies (UK)
Black report
26
Q

What did the Whitehall studies show?

A

Clear gradient in health status
Gradient not a result of deprivation or exposure
Effects of an exposure differ across the gradient

27
Q

What did the Black report show?

A

What kills us changes but the gradient remains

28
Q

Overall, what did the Whitehall studies and the Black report show? (2)

A

The size of the gradient has a powerful effect

Increasing recognition of limits of health care

29
Q

Population health is an approach that focuses on?

A 
the interrelated conditions / factors 
*
that have an impact on the health of human populations [and sub-populations] 
*
across the life stages
30
Q

Population health encompasses?

THE HIP

A 
The social, economic and physical environments 
Health services
Early childhood development
Human biology
Individual capacity and coping skills
Personal health practices
31
Q

What does population health use epidemiology to identify?

A

systematic variations in patterns of occurrence of health and illness

32
Q

Population health uses epidemiology to identify systematic variations in patterns of occurrence of health and illness. What does it do with the resulting knowledge?

A

It applies the resulting knowledge to
develop and implement policies and action
to improve the health and well being of the population.

33
Q

The ‘determinants of health’ is

A

a collective label given to the factors and conditions which are thought to have an influence on health

34
Q

Crucial is to the notion of the ‘determinants of health’ is …? (2)

A

They do not act in isolation.
*
Complex interactions have a profound impact on health

35
Q

Since most determinants of health fall outside of the health sector, those working in the health sector must …?

A

forge new relationships with groups not traditionally associated with health,
but
whose activities may have an impact on health

36
Q

***What are the 12 determinants of health?

I BEE GC PS PS HH

A 
income and social status
*
biology and genetic endowment
education
employment and working conditions
gender
culture
*
physical environments
social environments
*
personal health practices and coping skills
social support networks
*
healthy child development
health services
37
Q

Population Health Approach - Key Elements (8)

A FAB II CU

A 
Apply multiple strategies
*
Focus on the health of populations
Address the determinants of health and their interactions
Base decisions on evidence
*
Increase upstream investments
Increase accountability for health outcomes
*
Collaborate across sectors and levels
Use mechanisms for public involvement
38
Q

Roles / Functions for Nurses

C5 A SERF LEP

A 
Communicator
Coordinator
Collaborator
Consultant
Community Developer
*
Advocate
*
Social Marketer
Educator
Researcher
Facilitator
*
Leader
Enabler
Policy Formulator

Community Health (4 decks)

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