week 1

Question 1

Systematic observation

Answer 1

the careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world

Question 2

empirical methods

Answer 2

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

Question 3

democratic science

Answer 3

science is an open discussion. people can form their own opinions and debate conclusions instead of accepting theories as absolute truths

Question 4

cumulative science

Answer 4

we can build on theories

Question 5

ethical guidelines psychologists must follow

Answer 5

informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, benefits, honestly about previous deceptions

Question 6

induction

Answer 6

drawing general conclusions from specific observations

Question 7

features that distinguish scientific thinking

Answer 7

accuracy, scope, fruitfulness, consistency, simplicity

Question 8

falsified

Answer 8

the ability to test and refuse a theory. there is no way to advance, refine, or refute it if its not falsifiable

Question 9

why is science trustworthy if theories are not able to be proven

Answer 9

null-hypothesis significance testing

Question 10

null-hypothesis significance testing

Answer 10

assessing the probability that the data would be the same if there were no relationships between the variables

Question 11

what does NHST involve

Answer 11

• null hypothesis: variables have no relationship
  alternate hypothesis: variables have a relationship

Question 12

type 1 error

Answer 12

researcher concludes there is a relationship between the variables, when really there is not

Question 13

type 2 error

Answer 13

data concludes there is no relationship between variables, when really there is

Question 14

characteristics of a good scientific theory

Answer 14

can be empirically tested and falsified

Question 15

precursors to psychology

Answer 15

philosophy and physiology

Question 16

empiricism

Answer 16

the theory that all knowledge comes from experiences

Question 17

functionalism vs structuralism

Answer 17

functionalism: purpose of the mind
structuralism: structure of the mind

Question 18

anecdotal evidence

Answer 18

evidence based on personal experience

Question 19

correlation

Answer 19

a measure of the relationship between two variables

Question 20

eugenics

Answer 20

the practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits

Question 21

flashbulb memory

Answer 21

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment of event