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Pathology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How can you describe a radiolucency?

A

well/ill-defined
multi/unilocular

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2
Q

Appears black & allows the passage of x-rays?

A

radiolucent

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3
Q

How to describe radiopaque?

A

well/ill-defined

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4
Q

Blocks passage of x-rays and appears white?

A

radiopaque

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5
Q

small elevated lesion (<1cm) usually filled with serous fluid?

A

vesicle

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6
Q

Larger elevated lesion usually containing serous fluid?

A

bulla

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7
Q

Elevated lesion containing pus?

A

pustule

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8
Q

Area distinguished by color, but cannot be felt/distinguished from surrounding tissue?

A

macule

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9
Q

Small elevated/protruding lesion without fluid?

A

papule

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10
Q

Large elevated/protruding lesion without fluid?

A

nodule

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11
Q

Attached by stem/stalk?

A

pedunculated

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12
Q

base resting flat on a surface

A

sessile

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13
Q

break in epithelium that penetrates underlying CT?

A

ulcer

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14
Q

Patch / differentiated area on a body surface?

A

plaque

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15
Q

How can you describe plaques?

A

erythroplakia or leukoplakia

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16
Q

wrinkled texture?

A

corrugated

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17
Q

cleft or groove showing prominent depth?

A

fissure

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18
Q

small projections found in clusters

A

papillary

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19
Q

Increase in cell size without increase in number?

A

hypertrophy

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20
Q

Increase in cell number?

A

hyperplasia

21
Q

Where does pure hypertrophy occur?

A

skeletal & cardiac muscle

22
Q

List some physiologic hyperplasias.

A

erythroid bone marrow at high altitudes
cyclic enlargement of endometrium & breast during menstruation
regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision

23
Q

List some pathologic hyperplasias:

A

epithelial hyperplasia by HPV

24
Q

list some benign hyperplasia & hypertrophy

A

enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells increase in # and size
benign prostatic enlargement

25
Q

What is papilloma?

A

epithelial hyperplasia

26
Q

What is pyogenic granuloma?

A

endothelial hyperplasia

27
Q

What is a fribroma?

A

fibrous hyperplasia

28
Q

What is epulis fissuratum?

A

fibrous hyperplasia caused by ill-fitting denture

29
Q

What is inflammatory papillary hyperplasia?

A

fibrous & epithelial hyperplasia

30
Q

What is sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia?

A

osseus hyperplasia

31
Q

What is exostoses?

A

osseous hyperplasia

32
Q

What drugs can induce gingival hyperplasia?

A

Procardia (Ca2+ channel blockers)
Cyclosporin (immunosuppressant)
Dilantin (anti-seizure)

33
Q

reduction of size of cells, tissues, organs?

A

atrophy

34
Q

examples of physiologic atrophy?

A

uterus after pregnancy
involution of thymus in early adulthood

35
Q

examples of pathologic atrophy?

A

post injury disuse
following denervation
following ischemia to brain

36
Q

What can lead to pathologic atrophy?

A

disuse
denervation
lack of trophic hormones
ischemia
malnutrition
idiopathic

37
Q

What is parry romberg syndrome?

A

idiopathic unilateral atrophy of facial structure

38
Q

Describe metaplasia?

A

replacement of one cell type by another, typically tougher type

39
Q

What is necrotizing sialometaplasia?

A

ulcer that occurs on palate
looks like cancer under microscope

40
Q

How cells adapt to non-lethal injury?

A

metaplasia
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
atrophy

41
Q

Non-adaptive means cells respond to injury?

A

agenesis
aplasia/hypoplasia

42
Q

Nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis?

A

pyknosis
karyorrhexis
karyolysis

43
Q

When would you see coagulation necrosis?

A

hypoxic injury (myocardial infarct)

44
Q

When would you see liquefactive necrosis?

A

bacterial infection & cerebral infarction

45
Q

When would you see caseous necrosis?

A

tuberculosis

46
Q

When would you see fat necrosis?

A

acute pancreatitis

47
Q

Describe apoptosis?

A

activation of internal caspases to eliminate unwanted cells with minimal disturbances to surrounding cells. plasma membrane remains intact. rapidly cleared & does not elicit inflammatory response

48
Q

Describe dystrophic calcification

A

in nonviable/dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels

49
Q

Describe metastatic calcification?

A

in viable tissues in presence of hypercalcemic levels

Pathology (9 decks)

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