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Psyc102 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Refers to patterns of thought, feeling, or behaviour that disrupt a person’s sense of well-being or social/occupational functioning.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of psychological disorders?

A

Problems with thinking, emotions, or behaviour AND impairment in functioning or disrupted sense of well-being.

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3
Q

How is culture integral to psychology?

A
  • Most disorders are cross-cultural but not all.
  • Prevalence rates and symptoms vary across cultures.
  • Some are culture-bound.
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4
Q

What are Koro and Amok?

A

Koro is a culture-bound delusional disorder in which individuals have an overpowering belief that their sex organs are retracting and will disappear. It is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It has a history in Africa, Asia and Europe. In the United States and Europe, the syndrome is commonly known as genital retraction syndrome.

Amok syndrome is an aggressive dissociative behavioural pattern derived from Indonesia and Malaysia that led to the English phrase running amok. Amok syndrome presents as an episode of sudden mass assault against people/objects following a period of brooding, traditionally in Malaysian culture but is now increasingly viewed as psychopathological behavior. The syndrome of “Amok” is found in the DSM-IV TR). In the DSM-V, Amok syndrome is no longer considered a culture-bound syndrome, since the category of culture-bound syndrome has been removed.

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5
Q

What is the labelling theory?

A

Stems from the 1970s book The Myth of Mental Illness by Thomas Szaz who believed that mental illness was a way of making people conform to society’s standards. Labelling theory suggests that diagnosis is a way of stigmatizing deviants and that when people are made ‘patients’ their subsequent behaviour can be interpreted as ‘crazy’. They can be discriminated against and also be in danger of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

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6
Q

What is mental health?

A

The capacity of individuals to behave in ways that promote their emotional and social well-being.

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7
Q

What are mental health problems?

A

Include the wide range of emotional and behavioural abnormalities that impact people’s lives.

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8
Q

What is a mental disorder?

A

The existence of a clinically recognizable set of symptoms/behaviours that cause distress in an individual and impair their ability to function as usual.

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9
Q

What are the statistics of mental illness in Aus?

A

Almost 50% will have a mental disorder at one point in their lives.

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10
Q

What is the most common mental disorder?

A

Mood and anxiety disorders.

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of death for Australians aged 15-44?

A

Suicide.

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12
Q

What are the 4 key steps to prevent suicide according to the black dog institute?

A
  1. Ask if thinking about suicide.
  2. Listen and don’t leave them alone.
  3. Get help with an emergency line.
  4. Follow up with them and show you care.
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13
Q

Who is most at risk for mental disorders in Australia?

A

Children, adolescents, older people, Aboriginal and TSI, rural/remote & diverse cultural/linguistic backgrounds.

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14
Q

What are the three broad classes of psychopathology that form a continuum of functioning?

A

Neuroses (enduring problems that cause distress/dysfunction), personality disorders (chronic, severe disturbances that inhibit the ability to love/work) and psychoses (loss of touch with reality).

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15
Q

What is a psychodynamic formulation?

A

A set of hypotheses about a patient’s personality structure and meaning of symptoms. Focuses on motives, conflicts, adaptive functioning and ability to form relationships/have self-esteem.

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16
Q

What do cognitive-behavioural psychologists believe about psychopathology?

A

They integrate classical and operant conditioning with a cognitive-social perspective.

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17
Q

What is the Behavioural perspective on psychopathology?

A

Psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses in which previously neutral stimuli have become associated with negative emotions. Irrational fears, elicit avoidance which then perpetuates and leads to secondary issues (eg social problems).

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18
Q

What is the cognitive perspective on psychopathology?

A

Psychological problems reflect dysfunctional attitudes beliefs, thoughts and cognitive processes (eg interpreting events negatively).

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19
Q

What is the biological approach to psychopathology?

A

Looks for the roots of mental disorders in the brain’s circuitry. Neurotransmitters, brain structures etc.

20
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

Theory adopted by the biological perspective that proposes people with an underlying vulnerability (diathesis) may exhibit symptoms under stressful circumstances.

21
Q

What is the systems approach to psychopathology?

A

It explains an individual’s behaviour in the context of a social group (couple, family etc).

22
Q

What is the family systems model?

A

It views an individual’s symptoms as symptoms of family dysfunction.

23
Q

What are family homeostatic mechanisms?

A

The method that families use to preserve equilibrium. (Keeping tension levels down or preserving a marriage) Symptoms are dysfunctional efforts to cope with family disturbances.

24
Q

What are family roles, boundaries and alliances within the family organisation?

A

The parts played in a family (being the mediator or playing the parent), the physical/psych limits of the family (privacy issues, cutting the cord) and patterns in which family members side with one another (eg, parent sides with ‘good child’).

25
Q

What is a descriptive diagnosis?

A

The descriptive approach is atheoretical. Mental disorders are classified in terms of clinical syndromes/constellations of symptoms that occur together.

DIAGNOSTIC and STATISTICAL manual of mental disorders.

26
Q

What are the sections of the DSM5?

A
  1. Instructions on how to use manual
  2. Offers classifications for disorders.
  3. Based on other disorders for which there is preliminary evidence but more research is required.
27
Q

Describe neurodevelopmental disorders and list them.

A
  • Typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
    Deviation from normal development.
  • Intellectual impairment.
  • Communication disorders (
  • ASD
  • ADHD
  • Specific learning disorder
  • motor disorders
28
Q

Describe the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders and list them.

A
  • Loss of contact with reality
  • Disturbances of thought and perception
  • Delusions/hallucinations
  • Disorganised Thinking
  • Abnormal motor behaviour & negative symptoms.
  • Disorders associated with drug use/side effects to medication/toxins.
  • DELUSIONAL DISORDER
  • PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
  • SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER
  • SCHIZOPHRENIA
  • SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER
  • CATATONIA
29
Q

Describe the bipolar disorders and list them.

A
  • Disturbances of normal mood.
  • Depression, hypomania and mania
  • BIPOLAR I
  • BIPOLAR II
  • CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
30
Q

What model is the DSM5 most like?

A

The approach embodies the disease model that presumes psychological disorders fall into discrete categories.

31
Q

What is NOS?

A

Not otherwise specified. It is when symptoms fall across different categories.

32
Q

What are internalising disorders vs externalising disorders?

A
33
Q

What is the multiaxial system of diagnosis?

A

The DSMIV used this. It placed symptoms and their biological and social context by evaluating patients along five axes.

34
Q

What is the nonaxial system of diagnosis?

A

It combines axes I, II and II. It is a move towards a dimensional approach that recognises that mental disorders fall along a continuum of severity and that symptoms overlap into different groups.

35
Q

What is aetiology?

A
36
Q

What are some criticisms of the DSM?

A
37
Q

How is ADHD characterised?

A

-Inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity.

38
Q

Describe the prevelance of ADHD?

A

-May exhibit symptoms by age 4 but often unnoticed until school.
-Different prevalence rates of ADHD have been reported, depending on the methodology/samples. - - For example, one Australian study found to be as high as 11.2 percent. However, could be due to possible discrepancies in diagnosis.
- 2015 survey found that 7.4 percent of children and adolescents were diagnosed with ADHD in Australia.
- Twice as many males than females are diagnosed with ADHD. Most females have often gone undiagnosed until later in life because their symptoms present differently to males.

39
Q

What are the three types of ADHD?

A

Primarily hyperactive and impulsive (physical), inattentive and combined.

40
Q

What is an example of hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in ADHD?

A
  • Display a need for constant movement
  • Fidgeting, tapping, squirming
  • Talking excessively and interrupting
41
Q

What is an example of inattentive symptoms in ADHD?

A
  • Not giving close attention to detail
  • Finding it difficult to organise tasks
  • Being easily distracted by stimuli
  • Being forgetful
42
Q

How is ASD characterised?

A

It is a developmental disability that involves challenges with social, emotional and communication skills. Individuals with ASD typically interact in ways that are different from most other people, and their cognitive and problem-solving capabilities can range from gifted to severely challenged

43
Q

What are the symptoms of ASD?

A

Issues with ‘social-communication’ and ‘restricted, repetitive and/or sensory behaviours or interests’. This includes difficulty in social/emotional reciprocity, including challenges in conversing and sharing interests with others and expressing or understanding emotions.

44
Q

What is the prevalence of ASD?

A

About 1 in 150 Australians live with ASD, with males four times more likely to have the disorder than females.

45
Q

How can one cope with ASD?

A

Most people with ASD can learn essential skills in life and contribute in meaningful ways to society. Language and social skills can be taught to people with ASD via intensive educational programs and behavioural therapies.

46
Q

What is the definition of Schizophrenia?

A

Psyc102 (1 decks)

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