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Intro to Pharmacology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO DRUGS AND MEDICATION ADMINISTRATON

1
Q

what is the definition of pharmacology?

A

Pharmacology: A branch of medicine which deals with
drug action on biological system (a general definition)

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2
Q

Pharmacology meaning in Greek

A

– In Greek ‘pharmacon’ means ‘drug’ and ‘logos’ means
‘studies/treatise’

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3
Q

definition of drugs

A

Drug: A chemical substance that affects the processes in a
living organism and intended for use in the diagnosis,
mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in man
or in animals. All drugs are chemicals but all chemicals are
not drugs.

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4
Q

what is a Formulation?

A

Formulation: The dosage form in which the drug is
administered (eg. tablet, injection, or ointment)

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5
Q

medicine definition

A

Medicine: A drug used in proper
dosage form for safe administration. All medicines are drugs but all drugs are not medicines

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6
Q

definition of Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Pharmacotherapeutics: The use of drugs in the prevention
and treatment of diseases

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7
Q

Clinical Pharmacology definition

A

Pharmacology applied to the
treatment of patients; the study of drugs ‘at the bedside’

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8
Q

Experimental Pharmacology definition

A

Experimental Pharmacology: Deals with the study of drug
effects in laboratory animals

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of experimental pharmacology?

A

– In vitro (ex-vivo) – Isolated tissue
– In vivo – Intact organism

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10
Q

Toxicology definition

A

Branch of pharmacology that deals with the
undesirable effects of chemical substances on living
systems

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11
Q

Clinical Toxicology definition:

A

Study of adverse drug reactions and
their prevention in the treatment of patients

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12
Q

Indication defintion

A

An illness or disorder for which a drug has
documented specific usefulness; indications must be
approved by drug authorities (TGA in Australia)

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13
Q

Contraindication defintion

A

A condition or factor that increases the
risks involved in using a particular drug.

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of Contraindications?

A

– absolute (a drug should not be given in that situation)
– relative (depends on expected benefit)

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15
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction meaning

A

An undesirable response to a
drug
– synonyms: “unwanted effect”; “side effect”

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16
Q

The subject of drugs is as old as….

A

disease

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17
Q

The world’s oldest therapeutic writings came from:

A

– Ayurveda (3000 BC)
– Chinese materia medica (2735 BC)

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18
Q

The earliest sources of Western medicine came
from

A

– Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia
– Papyri (1500 BC) containing about 700 herbal remedies

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19
Q

Modern medicine is considered to date from:

A

– Hippocrates, a Greek physician (450 BC)
* Introduced the concept of disease as a pathologic process
* The word pharmakon came into existence
* Father of Medicine
– Samuel Dale (1693) – 1
st book of Pharmacology
– James Gregory (1753-1821)
* Allopathy

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20
Q

what are the Tremendous pharmacology contributions during 18th and 19th century

A

– Francois Magendie (early 19th century) – The birth of experimental pharmacology
– Rudolf Buchheim – (19th century) – Pharmacology emerged as a well-defined
discipline
– Oswald Schmiedberg (1838-1921) – Father of modern pharmacology
* Isolation of bioactive molecules
– Salicylic acid, quinine, morphine, reserpine, vinblastine, etc

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21
Q

The scope of pharmacology diagram

A
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22
Q

what is Pharmacology ?

A

the science that deals with
studying the action of chemical molecules
on biological system

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23
Q

what can the biological system in pharmacology be?

A

A group of cells
* Isolated organ/tissue
* Intact organ
* A parameter of an animal/human

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24
Q

what are THE TWO ARMS OF PHARMACOLOGY?

A

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

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25
Q

what is Pharmacokinetics:?

A
  • It is the study of the rate processes
    of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
    (ADME) of drugs. “What the body does to the drug”
    – Clinically important in the choice and administration of
    particular drugs to particular patients
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26
Q

what are Pharmacodynamics?

A

-It is the study of the biological and
therapeutic effects of drugs including the mechanisms of
action of drugs. “What the drug does to the body”
– Determine how drugs are classified
– Decide whether the particular drug is appropriate

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27
Q

what are the AREAS OF STUDY IN PHARMACOLOGY?

A
28
Q

what are the 3 types of drug name classifications?

A

Chemical name, Generic or non-proprietary name, AND Brand, trade or proprietary name.

29
Q

what is Chemical name?

A
  • derived from chemical structure; descriptive
    and usually long; difficult to remember and use
    – N-acetyl-para-aminophenol → paracetamol
    – (2S,5R,6R)-6- [[(2R)-2-amino-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetyl]
    amino] - 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4- thia-1- azabicyclo[3.2.0]
    heptane-2-carboxylic acid → amoxicillin
30
Q

what is Generic or non-proprietary name?

A

given by the developer;
usually simplified chemical name; not registered (eg.
paracetamol); easier to remember

31
Q

what is Brand, trade or proprietary name?

A

easy to remember;
registered and patented (eg. Panadol, Dymadon, Tylenol,
Panamax, Paralgin, Tempra and Parmol all for paracetamol)

32
Q

what are the PROBLEMS WITH BRAND NAMES?

A
  • One drug can potentially have unlimited number of brand
    names → it is practically impossible to remember/use all
    of them
  • Brand names for same drugs of the same manufacturers
    can vary from one country to another
  • Brand names for very different drugs may sound similar leading to mistakes in prescribing/dispensing (eg.
    Alphamox-Amfamox, Anaprox-Aropax, Feldene-Teldene)
    – It has been estimated that 25% of all medication errors are caused by name confusion!
  • Consequently, there is encouragement for prescribers to use generic names instead of brand names
33
Q

BIOEQUIVALENCE OF GENERIC AND
BRAND-NAME DRUGS explained

A
  • Generic drugs are almost always cheaper while offering identical or very similar activity
    – the differences are in inactive ingredients such as coatings, stabilizers, fillers, binders, flavourings and diluents (all of them may affect absorption for the gut)
  • Additionally generic form must undergo testing to establish that it has
    – same type and amount of the active ingredient(s)
    – same pharmacokinetic profile (administration route, absorption,
    plasma levels, elimination)
    – same therapeutic effects as the brand-name drug
  • If such testing is done, the two drugs are said to be
    “bioequivalent” (interchangeable in practice)
34
Q

what are the SOURCES OF DRUGS?

A
  • natural products
  • semisynthetic&synthetic
  • biosynthetic &gene-based
35
Q

what are examples of drugs sourced from natural products?

A
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Microorganisms
  • Minerals
36
Q

examples of mineral sources for drugs:

A

– Liquid paraffin from petroleum

37
Q

examples of microorganisms sources for drugs:

A

– Penicillin from Penicillium notatum
– Streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus

38
Q

examples of animal sources for drugs:

A

– Insulin from pig/ox pancreas
– Heparin from pig/ox liver

39
Q

examples of plant sources for drugs:

A

– Morphine from Poppy capsules
– Atropine from belladonna leaves
– Quinine from Cinchona bark
– Castor oil from castor seeds

40
Q

what are examples of drugs sourced from semisynthetic and synthetics?

A
  • Semi-synthetic
    – Prepared by chemical modification of natural drugs
  • Ampicillin from penicillin-G
  • Dihydroergotamine from ergotamine
  • Dehydroemetine from emetine
  • Synthetic
    – Prepared by chemical synthesis
  • Sulphonamides
  • Salicylates
  • Barbiturates
41
Q

what are examples of drugs sourced from biosynthetics and gene-based?

A
  • Bio-synthetic
    – Prepared by cloning of human DNA into bacteria
  • Human insulins
  • Human hepatitis-B vaccine
  • Human growth hormones
  • Gene therapy
    – Introduction of functional genetic material into target cells to
    replace or supplement defective genes
  • Cancers
  • Neurodegenerative diseases
  • Diabetes mellitus
42
Q

what are the USES of MEDICATION

A
  • Can be helpful to both healthy and the sick
  • Six main uses:
    1. Symptomatic treatment
    2. Prevention
    3. Diagnostic medications
    4. Curative
    5. Health maintenance
    6. Contraception
43
Q

what are the 3 things classification of drugs are based on?

A

Based on therapeutic use, Based on mode of action and Based on chemical structure

44
Q

examples of drug classifications Based on therapeutic use

A

– Example 1. Antihypertensive: propranolol
– Example 2. Antidepressant

45
Q

examples of drug classifications Based on mode of action

A

– Example 1. Beta blocker: propranolol
– Example 2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

46
Q

examples of drug classifications Based on chemical structure

A

– Example 1. 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol:
propranolol
– Example 2. Tricyclic antidepressant

47
Q

what are the different DRUG DOSAGE FORMS

A
  • Tablets
    – timed or sustained release
    – controlled release
  • Capsules
  • Suppositories/Pessaries
  • Solutions
  • Suspensions
  • Emulsions
  • Topical
    – Semisolid/ Transdermal Patches
  • Drug implants
  • Parental products
48
Q

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS pic

A
49
Q

what are the PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS

A

Ampoules and vials

50
Q

what are Ampoules:

A

– Sterile
– Sealed glass or plastic container
– Contain a single liquid dose

51
Q

what are vials?

A

Vials:
– Glass or plastic container
– Sterile liquid dose – either single or
multiple
– Sealed with a rubber diaphragm

52
Q

what are the ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION?

A
  • Oral (enteral)
  • Parenteral: Intravenous, Intramuscular, Subcutaneous
53
Q

explain the Oral (enteral) routes of drug administration?

A

The most commonly used because of ease/convenience especially when self-administration is required and economical
– Safe and parenteral complications are avoided
– Slow onset of drug action
– Irritant and unpalatable drugs cannot be administered
– Not suitable in the presence of vomiting or diarrhoea
– Cannot be employed in unconscious or uncooperative condition
– Drugs to be destroyed in GIT cannot be administered (insulin)

54
Q

what are the formulations of Oral (enteral) drug administrations?

A

Formulations: tablets/enteric coated tablets, capsules/liquid
capsules & liquid preparations (eg. syrups)

55
Q

explain the parenteral routes of drug administration?

A

Parenteral
– Literally any mode of administration that bypasses the gut;
however it generally refers to injections
– Invasive techniques that can be subcutaneous, intramuscular and
intravenous
– Avoids potential problems with absorption from GIT;
– The effect is generally achieved faster than with oral administration
– Can be employed in an unconscious or uncooperative patient.
– Can be employed in cases of vomiting and diarrhoea and in
patients unable to swallow.
– Drugs which might irritate the stomach or which are not absorbed
orally can be administered.
– Accuracy of dose is ensured
– Less safe.
– More expensive.
– Inconvenient for use, self medication being difficult.
– Liable to cause infection if proper care is not exercised.
– Likely to injure important structures such as nerves and
arteries.

56
Q

what are the PARENTERAL ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATON

A

Intravenous, Intramuscular Subcutaneous.

57
Q

what does intravenous drug adminstration involve

A

Intravenous
– Produces rapid action and the desired blood concentration can be obtained
rapidly.
– May be injected as a ‘bolus’ eg. Furosemide;
– May be injected as an ‘infusion’
* To slow the administration of the drug to avoid toxicity (morphine)
* To maintain a constant plasma level of the drug (insulin or dopamine)
* To administer large volumes either rapidly or over prolonged periods of
time (fluids in shock or dehydration)

58
Q

what are the disadvantages of intravenous drug adminstration?

A

– The disadvantages are
* Once administered, the action cannot be halted
* Local irritation
* Self medication is difficult
* Less safe
* Only clear solutions can be administered

59
Q

what does Intramuscular drug adminstration involve

A

Intramuscular
– In addition to soluble substances, mild irritants and
suspensions can be injected
– Slow-release forms of drugs are given in this way to
prolong absorption and thus duration of action (penicillin
antibiotics)
– The rate of absorption is uniform, and the onset of action
is rapid
– The volume of injection should not exceed 10 ml
– The route may cause pain and even necrosis

60
Q

what does Subcutaneous drug adminstration involve

A

– Only non-irritant substances can be injected by this route.
– Convenient method for self administration
– Commonest drug given by this route is INSULIN
– Drug absorption is slower than with intramuscular and
intravenous routes
– The action is sustained and uniform
– Subcutaneous drug implants can act as ‘depot’ therapy eg.
Steroid hormone implants

61
Q

what are OTHER ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATON

A

Sublingual, Rectal, Topical and Inhalation

62
Q

what is sublingual ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION?

A

– Absorption directly from the oral cavity.
– A tablet containing medicament is placed under the tongue and is dissolved in
the mouth.
– The drug thus gets absorbed through the buccal mucous membrane directly
into the systemic circulation.
– Nitroglycerine in angina pectoris; buprenorphine as an analgesic; nifedipine in
hypertensive emergencies.

63
Q

advantages of sublingual ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A

– Advantages:
* Rapid onset of action
* Quick termination of the drug effect on spitting the tablet.
* Avoidance of degradation of the drug in the stomach
* Avoidance of its rapid inactivation in the intestinal wall and the liver

64
Q

What is Rectal ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION?

A

– Used for local and systemic effects
– The rectum has rich blood and lymph supply, and drugs can cross the rectal
mucosa like the other lipid membranes
– The portion absorbed from the upper rectal mucosa is carried into the portal
circulation whereas that absorbed from the lower rectum enters directly into
the systemic circulation

65
Q

advantages of Rectal ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION?

A

– The advantages:
* Gastric irritation is avoided and by using a suitable solvent the duration of
action can be controlled
* Useful in patients who are vomiting or are unable to take medication by
mouth (eg. Postoperatively)
* Simple procedure and no skill is required

66
Q

what is Topical ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION?

A

– Direct application on skin (eg. nose, eyes, respiratory system) in form of sprays,
creams/ointments, gels and lotions
– Generally minimal/limited absorption – consequently insignificant systemic
distribution and effects
– Transdermal – through the skin for systemic effects (only lipid soluble drugs) with
skin patches

67
Q

what is the Inhalation ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A

Inhalation
– General anaesthetics (gases/volatile fluids)
– Quickly absorbed and produce rapid local and systemic effects (nicotine, morphine
and tetrahydrocanabinoids are rapidly absorbed following inhalation of tobacco,
opium or marihauana smoke).
– Drugs do directly to the left side of the heart through pulmonary veins and may
produce cardiac toxicity.
– Local irritation may result in an increase in respiratory tract secretions and
bronchospasm.

Intro to Pharmacology (1 decks)

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