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Growth, Motor Development > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

definitions

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the absolute number of cells

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in the relative size of a cell

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3
Q

Accretion

A

Increase in the intercellular material

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4
Q

Maturation

A

Progress towards a mature state

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5
Q

Maturation (3 steps)

A

1- timing of when things happen
2- rate at which things happen
3- process of how things happen

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6
Q

How to assess maturation

A

Height and weight, hand x ray

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7
Q

Development

A

Acquisition and refinement of behaviour

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8
Q

5 types of development

A

social, cognitive, physical, emotional, and moral domains

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9
Q

stages of growth and development

A

Pre-natal
Preterm newborn

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10
Q

Post natal

A

Newborn (0-28 days)
Infant (28 days - 12 months)
Toddlers (12 months - 23 months)
Preschool (2-5 years)
School age child (6-11years)

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11
Q

Pre natal development

A

Embryonic Development (0-8weeks)
Foetal Development (9-40 weeks)

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12
Q

Embryonic development (0-8 weeks)

A

-limbs are roughly formed
-eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers and toes are formed

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13
Q

Foetal development (9-40 weeks)

A

no new anatomical feature appear

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14
Q

birth weight

A

directly linked to survival of newborn
lower the birth weight, higher the risk

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15
Q

Teratogens (causes) for low weight

A

medications, environment, existence of other conditions/ diseases

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16
Q

Other causes for low birth weight

A

foetal alcohol syndrome
smoking
caffeine

17
Q

Hormone relating to pregnancy and exercise

A

relaxin
increased flexibility, assists with childbirth, awareness when performing exercise

18
Q

benefits of exercise during pregnancy

A

-improved muscular strength and endurance
-improved cardiovascular function
-improved physical fitness
-decreased risked of complications, pelvic pain, fatigue, stress, anxiety, depression
-reduced weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes

19
Q

Contraindications

A

when the risk outweighs the benefit

20
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Decreased effectiveness of insulin
Consequence is increase in blood sugar
Incidence increases with age

21
Q

Gestational Diabetes risk factors and recommendation

A

BMI >30
family history
mother is inactive

Recommendation
combination of exercise and diet intervention

22
Q

Preeclampsia

A

High Blood pressure
Urinary protein
linked to impaired funtion in the critical systems

23
Q

golden rules for pregnancy

A

Avoid contact sports
avoid sudden movemnets
avoid exercising on your back
keep hydrated
mainly use RPE
choose weight supported activities
strengthen core and pelvic floor muscles
don’t stop exercise

24
Q

types of growth curves
Scammons curve

A

Neural curve
Genital Curve
Lymphoid curve
general curve
Velocity Curve

25
Q

Scammons curve

A

describes changes in body tissues as age increases

26
Q

Neural curve

A

growth of brain, NS, eyes and skull, rapid growth from 0-7 years
Steady after 7 years slight increase in adolescence

27
Q

Genital curve

A

growth of primary + secondary sex characteristics
Slight growth during infancy, latent period during childhood, extremely rapid growth during adolescence

28
Q

Lymphoid curve

A

growth of lymph and thymus gland, tonsils and appendix, rapid growth during infancy and childhood
Peaks between 11-13 years of age
thymus and tonsils shrink at onset of adolescence

29
Q

General curve

A

all the curves together form the general curve
Indiccates growth of the whole body and its parts
Displays S-shaped patterend
Rapid growth in infancy, steady growth in middle child, rapid growth in adolescents, levels off after adolescence
Pattern is predictable and consistent (not linear)

30
Q

velocity curve

A

Illustrate rate of growth
longitudinal data is needed across a period of time
illustrates specific periods of growth, peak height velocity (PHV)
Age at take-off
On average girls reach PHV at 11.5-12 years (tapers at 14 and increases end at 16)
Boys PHV 13.5-14 yr (tapers at 17yrs and increases end at 18)

31
Q

growth curve vs growth charts

A

growth curve = An indicator of growth status
growth charts = evaluate the growth against same age and gender

32
Q

sex differences

A

-minimal during early childhood
-boys are slightly taller than heavier
-girls tend to mature earlier
-adolescence growth spurt starts ( 9years for girls, 11 years for boys )

33
Q

height changes

A

Average birth length = 50cm
Size at birth + nutrition influence increase in length during infancy — after that genetics plays greatest role
Skeleton roughly 3 wks more advanced in girls

34
Q

weight changes

A

Weight follows a sigmoid pattern
It is susceptible to external factors ( can depend on variation in muscle and fat tissue)

35
Q

Changes to body proportions

A

Extremities grow quicket than trunk
2 yr old = lg head, short legs, ‘chubby’
5yr = taller, head more proportioned

36
Q

changes to posture

A

New born = feet inverted , legs flexed
Toddler, prominent abdomen, sway back, large head
Posture changes due to muscle development

37
Q

Changes to adipose tissue

A

Structural and functional component of stores lipids
2 forms: white and brown adipose tissue
Brown <1% of adipose mass, generates heat, mainly found in infants
White - single droplet of lipid, found in subcutaneous layers of skin, energy reserve, protect vital organs

38
Q

Changes in respiratory system

A

Lungs dev from wk 4 in utero
During final trimester, alveoli develop
20mil alveoli at birth, increases to 300mil by age 8
Lung growth is proportional to height

39
Q

changes to lung function

A

Breathing frequency
40b/min @ birth — 22b/min at 6
Lung vol and capacities increases linearly with height throughout childhood
Lag effect during adolescence height>lung size

Growth, Motor Development (1 decks)

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