Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SOM 304 > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the main functions of the kidney.

A

Maintain water balance
Renin production
Maintain proper plasma volume
Maintain body fluid osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentiate between osmolarity and osmolality

A

Osmolarity is the number of solute particles per liter of solvent WHILE Osmolality is the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the requirements needed when calculating osmolarity.

A

*The molar concentration of the solution.
*The number of osmotically particles present in the solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State the osmolarities in different parts of the nephron.

A

*Proximal Convoluted Tubule=300mOsmol/L
*Descending loop of Henle= 1200mOsmol/L
*Ascending loop of Henle=500-1000mOsmol/L
*Tip of the loop of Henle=1400mOsmol/L
*Distal convoluted tubule=300mOsmol/L
*Collecting ducts= 100-1200mOsmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe tonicity, the types of tonicity and the effects of each type of tonicity on the cells.

A

Tonicity is the effect of different osmotic solutions on cells
Isotonic solution- no change in cell volume.
Hypertonic solution- the cell shrinks
Hypotonic solution- the cell lyses/bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the standard formula for determining the rate of excretion of any substance.

A

Rate of excretion=rate of filtration+ rate of secretion-rate of reabsorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Renal Blood Flow, Renal Plasma Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

*Renal Blood Flow- this the amount of blood that reaches the kidneys per unit time
*Renal Plasma Flow- this is the proportion of renal blood flow that is plasma.
*Glomerular Filtration Rate-this is the volume of plasma filtered per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Plasma clearance?

A

This is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a particular substance per minute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The plasma clearance values are used to determine certain components which are used to assess kidney function. What are those components.

A

Renal blood flow
Renal plasma flow
Glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do we have to keep in mind when determining the plasma clearance of a particular substance.

A

Volume of urine excreted per minute.
Concentration of the substance in urine.
Concentration of the substance in blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

To determine GFR, we need a substance that is completely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted. Give typical examples of those substances.

A

Inulin
Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

State the criterion points used to determine whether a substance is suited to measure renal plasma flow.

A

*The substance should be freely filtered at the glomerulus.
*Substance should be secreted into tubule and not reabsorbed.
*The substance should be completely cleared from the plasma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the properties that a substance used as a clearance marker should have.

A

Non-toxic
Inert
Easy to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the normal pH range in the body?

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pH is essential because it determines

A

*Properties of proteins; enzyme activity, part of the cell structure
*Permeability of the membrane; distribution of electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which amino-acids contain sulfur in their structure?

A

Methionine
Cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main organs that maintain acid-base balance in the body?

A

Lungs (pulmonary excretion of carbon dioxide)
Kidneys ( renal excretion non-volatile acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Differentiate between acidosis and alkalosis in terms of pH value.

A

Acidosis; pH less than 7
Alkalosis; pH greater than 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe a buffer.

A

Buffer is an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and it conjugate base or a weak base and it’s conjugate acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

State 3 functions of buffer’s.

A

-Control pH
-Converts a strong acid into a weak one
-Converts a strong base into a weak one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List the ways in which the kidneys regulate pH.

A

*Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate ion
*Formation of titratable acid of H2PO4 minus/HPO4 minus
*Excretion of ammonia in urine ( as ammonium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Briefly describe the cellular shifts that occur in the buffer system.

A

*In Acidosis:
-potassium leaves the cell
-hydrogen ion enters the cell
*In Alkalosis:
-hydrogen leaves the cell
-potassium enters the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define the anion gap, state the anion gap formula and the normal range of the anion gap.

A

Anion gap is the difference between cations and anions.
Formula: Na+ - ( CL + HCO3)
Normal range: 10 -12 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the mechanism’s of respiratory acidosis?

A

Hypoventilation
Increased CO2
Increased H+
Increased H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

State the laboratory values that are indicative of respiratory acidosis.

A

*pH less than 7.39
*PCO2 greater than 45mmHg
*Electrolyte levels: Increased HCO3-, hypokalemia, hypochloremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the common causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

*Obstructive lung disease ( Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea)
*Restrictive lung disease ( pneumonia, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis)
*Hypoventilation ( narcotics,

26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a patient presenting with respiratory acidosis?

A

Cyanosis
Shallow breathing
Dyspnea
Confusion

27
Q

What are the mechanism of respiratory alkalosis.

A

Hyperventilation
Low carbonic acid level
Low CO2

28
Q

What laboratory values would be indicative of respiratory alkalosis?

A

pH level greater than 7.45
PaCO2 level less than 35mmHg
Reduced HCO3-

29
Q

State the common causes of respiratory alkalosis.

A

Hyperventilation ( due to anxiety and panic attacks)
Increased respiratory center activity ( due to fever)

30
Q

List the signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis.

A

Light headedness
Twitching
Paraesthesias

31
Q

Define urinary retention?

A

Inability to achieve complete bladder emptying by voluntary micturition.

32
Q

List the possible causes of urinary retention.

A

Vaginal childbirth
Infections of the brain or spinal cord
Stroke
Diabetes
Multiple sclerosis

33
Q

What are the symptoms of urinary retention?

A

Acute Urinary Retention;
pain, urgent need to urinate, lower belly bloated.
Chronic Urinary Retention;
constant discomfort, difficulty starting a stream of urine, overflow incontinence.

34
Q

What are the complications of urinary retention.

A

Urinary Tract Infection
Chronic Kidney Disease
Bladder damage

35
Q

State the treatment of urinary retention.

A

Bladder catheter; draining the urine.
Urethral dilation; widening the urethra to allow urine flow.
Surgery; repairing or strengthening the bladder.

36
Q

Define urinary incontinence

A

The inability to prevent urine from leaking.

37
Q

What are the functions of the types of muscles found in the bladder?

A

*Detrusor muscle ( it stores urine and squeezes to empty)
*Sphincter muscles ( circular group of muscles found at the neck of the bladder, that automatically stay contracted to hold urine and automatically relax when detrusor contracts to allow urine into the urethra)

38
Q

List the various ways in which urinary incontinence is diagnosed.

A

*Cystoscopy
*Stress test( patient relaxes, then coughs vigorously as the doctor observes for urine loss)
*Urinalysis
*Urodynamics

39
Q

List the possible treatment options for urinary incontinence.

A

Physical therapy
surgery
Bulking agents
Medical devices

40
Q

What is internal pool?

A

This is the quantity of any particular substance in the ECF.

41
Q

Why do women have a lower percentage of body weight that is water than men?

A

Women have a higher percentage of fat, and fat tissue has a lower percentage of water than lean tissue OR Women have higher levels of progesterone, which makes it harder for sodium to be transported into the blood. Sodium helps transport water into the blood.

42
Q

List four examples of transcellular fluids.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid
Synovial fluid
Digestive juices
Pericardial fluids

43
Q

State the barriers that separate body fluid compartments, and what they separate.

A

Plasma membrane; separates ICF and ECF.
Capillary walls; separates plasma and ISF.

44
Q

What mechanisms are employed by the kidneys to help keep salt constant in the ECF?

A

*Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
*Tubular reabsorption of sodium

45
Q

In which part of the nephron does aldosterone ( salt conserving hormone ) and vasopressin ( water conserving hormone) hormones predominantly act?

A

*Aldosterone= Distal tubule and collecting duct
*Vasopressin= Collecting duct

46
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and effects of Hypertonicity?

A

CAUSES;
* Insufficient water intake; excessive water loss; Diabetes insipidus ( lack of ADH).
SYMPTOMS & EFFECTS;
*Shrinking of brain neurons- confusion, delirium
*Circulatory disturbances- reduction in plasma volume, low BP, circulatory shock.

47
Q

What are the causes, symptoms and effects of Hypotonicity?

A

CAUSES;
*Patients with renal failure who cannot excrete a dilute urine; Can occur in healthy people, when water is rapidly ingested and kidneys do not respond quickly( endurance athletes); Inappropriate over secretion of vasopressin which causes excess retention of water
SYMPTOMS & EFFECTS:
* Swelling of brain cells- confusion, headache, coma.
*Weakness due to swelling of muscle cells
* Hypertension and edema

48
Q

State the regulatory factors that are not linked to vasopressin and thirst.

A

*Dryness of mouth- stimulates thirst but not vasopressin secretion.
*Oral metering

49
Q

What are the general characteristics of normal urine?

A

*pH ( 4.5-8.0; mean 6.0)
*Specific gravity ( 1.003-1.030)
*Osmolarity ( 855-1335 mOsm/L)
*Water content (93-97%)
*Volume (700-2000ml/day)
*Color ( clear yellow)
*Odor ( varies with composition)
*Bacterial content ( none because urine is STERILE).

50
Q

List 4 signs and symptoms that are specific to kidney disease only.

A

*Foamy urine
*Swollen ankles, feet, or hands
*Increased need to urinate, especially at night
*Urinating more or less often than usual.

51
Q

Define hematuria.

A

This is the presence of abnormal number of red blood cells in the urine.

52
Q

List the causes of hematuria.

A

*Infections; pyelonephritis cystitis
*Glomerular; glomerulonephritis
*Papillary necrosis
*Vascular; Renal vein thrombosis, malignant hypertension
*Malignancy; renal cell carcinoma, carcinoma of prostate

53
Q

Differentiate between Glomerular and Non-glomerular hematuria.

A

*Glomerular; associated with excretion of small (MCV<70 fL), dysmorphic, and low MHC erythrocytes.
*Non-glomerular ( urinary tract) disease; associated with excretion of MCV >90fL, normomorphic, well hemoglobinized erythrocytes.

54
Q

What is the normal urine protein excretion value.

A

<100-150mg/day

55
Q

Define the term Microalbuminuria.

A

This is the increased urinary excretion of albumin below the reliably detected by dipsticks but above the normal level of excretion ( 20-300 mg/dL).

56
Q

Give examples of filtration markers.

A

*Endogenous; creatinine, urea, cystatin C
*Exogenous; inulin, lohexol, 125l- iothalamate.

57
Q

When would suspect reduced kidney function (i.e. decreased GFR)

A

Serum creatinine up to 0.09mmol/l in women.
Serum creatinine up to 0.11mmol/l in men.

58
Q

Define the term Chronic renal failure.

A

This is an irreversible deterioration in renal function which classically develops over a period of years.

59
Q

What is acute on chronic renal failure?

A

This is a decline in kidney function in patients with known Chronic kidney disease; it is often caused by hypovolemia due to an episode of concurrent illness.

60
Q

How can you retard the progression of Chronic Renal Failure?

A

*Control blood pressure: aim for BP of <130/80, ACE inhibitors can decrease the rate of loss of function
*Diet; match dietary and fluid intake with excretory capacity, Na+ restriction may be helpful in controlling BP

61
Q

In what ways can the adverse effects of Chronic Renal Failure be limited?

A

*Anemia; erythropoietin is given to maintain an Hb>11g/dL.
*Fluid and electrolyte balance; fluid intake of around 3 liters/day
*Infection; early recognition and treating the infection
*Bleeding; adequate dialysis partially corrects the bleeding tendency.
*Renal osteodystrophy; hypocalcemia is corrected by giving synthetic analogues of vitamin D, hyperphosphatasemia is corrected by dietary restriction of foods rich in phosphate content.

62
Q

What is intermittent hemodialysis?

A

This is the standard blood purification therapy in End stage renal failure.

63
Q

What is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)?

A

This is a long term dialysis involving insertion of permanent silastic catheter into the peritoneal cavity.

64
Q
A

SOM 304 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions