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BIOL 331 > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what structure pattern did hooke see under the microscope

A

the plant (cork) cells were in a honeycomb pattern

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2
Q

principles of cell theory

A

1) all orgs are comprised of 1 or more cells
2) cel is the structural unit of life
3) cells can only arise from division from a pre-existing cell
4) cells have genetic info in the form of DNA where info is passes from parent to daughter cell

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3
Q

who proposed the first 2 cell principles

A

schwann in 1839

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4
Q

who proposed the third cell principle

A

virchow in 1855

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5
Q

when was the fourth cell princple added and why

A

during the discovery of DNA

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6
Q

cell properties

A
  • complex and organized
  • contain genetic info
  • acquire and use energy
    -preform many chem rxn
  • involved in mechanical activities
    -respond to stimuli
  • self regulate
    -evolve
    -reproduce by division
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7
Q

how do cells commonly carry out rxn

A

through the use of enzymes so the rxn is complete at a rate that supports the biological system

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8
Q

what are cell mechanical actives

A

-transportations
- movement of the whole cell
- membrane input/ output

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9
Q

energy source for life

A

almost all is derivied by the sun

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10
Q

how do cells respond to stim

A

via the receptors on their extracellular membrane

allows fro binding and signalling pathways

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11
Q

what is meant by cells evolve

A

all orgs can be traced back to a single common ansestor where all current (unique) cells came from the single ansestor cell type.

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12
Q

what are features unique to eukaryotes

A

1) division of cell into nuc and cytoplasm (separated via membrane)
2) chromosomes
3) membrane bound organells
4) phagocytosis
5) diploidy (parent via daughter)
6) sexual requirement for meiosis
7) cytiskeletal system and motor proteins

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13
Q

covalent bond

A

e- pairs are shared btwn moles

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14
Q

polar moles

A

-hydrophilic
-uneven distribution of charge due to electronegativity and organization of atoms

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15
Q

non polar moles

A

-hydrophobic
- symetric uniform distribution of charge due to similar electronegativities between atoms

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16
Q

non covalent bond

A

weak chem bond based on attractive force between opp charged regions
- ionic
-hydrogen
-van

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17
Q

ionic bond

A

electrostatic int between groups of opposite charged (ions)

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18
Q

hydrogen bond

A

electrostatic int between H-X and another electroneg atom of another compound

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19
Q

van der waals int

A

week int force due to the transient asymmetries of charge within adjacent atoms or moles

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20
Q

hydrophobic effect

A

the tendancey for non polar momles to aggregate to minimize their collective int with polar water moles

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21
Q

what isa the basis of the lipid bilayer mem?

A

the hydrophobic effect
- polar heads face out while non polar tails face in

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22
Q

3 membrane principles

A

1) composed of lipids
2) bilayer (via RBC)
3) contain proteins (selective permeability)

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23
Q

what makes phospholipids amphipathic

A

the phosphate group in the head and the non polar tail

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24
Q

what does the lipid bi layer prevent

A

random movement of substances in and out of the cell

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25
Q

what are fatty acids

A

the tail component
- 14-20 Carbons
- sat or unstat (cis double bonds intro a bend)

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26
Q

3 types of membrane lipids

A

phosphoglycerides
sphingolipids
cholesterol

27
Q

phosphoglycerides

A

-all are phospholipids
-built on a glycerol backbone
- 2 fatty acid chains (1 sat and 1 unsat), phosphate, and additional groups

28
Q

phosphoglyceride back bone strucutre

A

H2C—-O—R
|
HC—-O—–R
|
H2C—-O—PO2–O– A

29
Q

what are the 5 additional groups and their polarity

A

H (-)
Choline (0)
Serine (-)
Ethanol-amine (0)
Inositol (-)

30
Q

sphingolipids

A

-build on sphingosine
(sphing+ fatty acids with an additional group to character the type of lipid)
-not all are phospholipids
- amphipathic
- longer and more sat fatty acids

31
Q

what is the most basic sphingolipid

A

ceramide (sphingosine w/ a fatty acid)

32
Q

where do sphingolipids participate the most?

A

-signal transduction
-membrane structure -sensing ?

33
Q

addiontal groups

A

phosphate link= phospholipid
carbohydrate link= glycolipid

34
Q

2 main types of glycolipids

A
  • cerebroside (simple (single( sugar addition))
  • ganglioside (cluster of suagrs are added)
35
Q

cholesterol

A

-rigid, muti ring structures
- small OH polar group
- embedded (20-30%) to impact mem fluidity

36
Q

4 composnents of a phosphoglyceride

A

phos group
glycerol backbone
fatty acid tails (2)
add group

37
Q

the the membrane symetric?

A

no. the edno and xo plasmic membrnae ahev very different chemical make up and sometime differnt proteins attached.
- carb are only found on the extra celluar

38
Q

what does asymmetry impact

A

permeability
surface charge
mem shape
stability

39
Q

glycolipid: glycoprotein

A

10%=carb to lipid
90%= carb to protien

on the extracell only membrane

40
Q

importance of carbs for cells

A

act as receptors, sorting membrane proteins, and recognition of other moles (like antigens)

41
Q

what is the myeline sheath

A

multiple layers of plasma membrane with little protein
- high lipid concentration= signal propogation

42
Q

what does the lipid composition of a cell determine

A

-physical state of mem
-facilitae prot int
- signal transduction

43
Q

membrane functions (7)

A

1)compartmentalization
2) scaffold for biochem activities
3) selective permeable barrier
4) solute trans
5) response to external stim
6) cell-cell comm
7) energy transduction

44
Q

compartmentalization

A

grouping of specialized cells via membranes, allowing for their activities to proceed without impaction other cell reactions

45
Q

scaffold for biochem rxn

A

membranes promete the correct loaction and oder for biochemical rxn to occur

46
Q

selectively permeable mem

A

membranes and filter specific substances into or out of the cell

47
Q

solute transport

A

controls the entering or leaving of substances

48
Q

response to external stim

A

specifically done by the plasma mem
ex hormes and ligands

49
Q

cell to cell comm

A

doen by the plasma mem and allows for int

50
Q

energy transduction

A

membranes related to the ECT and promote the differences in ion concentrations to produce an electrical charge.

51
Q

what influences membrane fluidity

A

temp! \
fluidity determines the physical state of the mem

52
Q

what is the transition temp

A

the temp to which a crystalline gel ‘melts’ into the liquid crystalline phase

53
Q

what impacts the transistion temp

A

fatty acid saturation

cholesterol content

chain length

54
Q

fatty acid saturation on fluidity

A
  • sat= inc rigid
    -unsat= dec rigid via bend
55
Q

cholesterol content on fluidity

A
  • ring impart movement and eliminates the sharpe transition temp
56
Q

chain length on fluidity

A
  • short chains= fewer van int and less E to brake apart (inc fluid)
57
Q

why is fluid/ rigid balance important

A

maintain structural or and mechanical support
enable int
membrane assembly or cell growth and division
cell movement

58
Q

ways orgs maintain fluid membranes

A

for colder temps:
- inc # unstat fatty acid tails via unstaturase
- reshuffle fatty chains to create phospholips with 2 unsat tails
- change the types of phospholipids that org produces (will make more unsat and shoter tails)

59
Q

membrane proteins

A

-have a set orientation relative to the cytoplasmic or extra cellular side
- distributed asymmetrically between the bilayer

60
Q

3 types of proteins

A

integral
peripheral
lipid anchored

61
Q

integral prot

A

permanently anchored

monotopic (span 1 layer

transmembrane
- biotopic (span 2 layers)
- ploytopic (span both layers multiple times)

62
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

pass though both phospholipid layers and contain one or more transmembrane domains (amphipathic)
- phobic: form van int w/ the fatty tails
philic: connectors near surface or channels (ion import)

63
Q

transmembrne domain

A

~20 non polar amino acids

BIOL 331 (2 decks)

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