Week 1 Flashcards
how many million people in the UK are deaf?
11 million people
how many people in the UK are hard of hearing?
10.3 million people
how many people experience some level of dual sensory loss?
375,000 (mostly elderly)
how many people are deafened in the UK?
123,000 people
how many people are Deaf BSL users?
87,000
how many people are deafblind?
24,000 people
what are some communication methods for deaf/deafblind people?
lip reading & speech
sign language
visual frame, hands on or tadoma
gesture/facial expressions
reading/writing
pictures
what are some of the causes of deafness?
premature birth
noise (eg. industrial, bombs, clubs)
genetics
illness/infection
physical damage
old age
tinnitus/ménière’s disease
consanguinity
what does deaf mean?
the physical condition of hearing loss; people who are deaf don’t necessarily have a strong connection to the Deaf community and don’t always use sign language.
what does Deaf mean?
Deaf describes people who identify as culturally Deaf and are engaged with the Deaf community. Deaf people prefer to use sign language and take great pride in their Deaf identity.
what are the 5 levels of deafness?
- normal hearing
- mild/hard of hearing
- moderate
- severe
- profoundly deaf
what does Deafened mean?
someone who has become deaf
what does deafblind mean?
someone who is both deaf and blind
what does Deaf visually impaired mean?
someone who is deaf, but has enough vision to still use sign language
what does Blind hearing impaired mean?
someone who is blind and relies on speech to communicate
what does Acquired deafblindness mean?
someone who develops sight and hearing loss during their life
what does Congenital deafblindness mean?
someone who is born with sight and hearing impairment, or it becomes apparent within the first two years of life
what happened in 546BC?
King Croesus of Lydia had a deaf son
what happened in 390BC?
Plato mentions “the deaf” in his dialogue Cratylus
when was sign language first dated back to?
the first record of sign language dates back to 5BC
what is oralism?
teaching to speak
what is mannualism?
teaching to sign
1500’s
pedro ponce - developed fingerspelling system for deaf pupils in spain
1680
Dalgarno - 2 handed fingerspelling system book published
1760
Abbe de l’Epee established a free school for the deaf in France
when was the Milan conference?
6th-11th Sept 1880
what was the Milan conference?
160 delegates from Italy, France, Germany, England and USA proposed 8 resolutions to the conference - declared almost unanimously that the oral method be taught over mannualism , DARKEST DAY IN DEAF HISTORY
who was St John of Beverley?
He taught a ‘deaf-mute’ to speak, which was seen as miraculous. He is said to be the first teacher for the ‘deaf and dumb’
what was the aftermath of the Milan Conference?
- deaf teachers became job-less
- law passed to ban sign language
- deaf schools had funding cut
- BDDA founded
When was the BDDA founded?
British Deaf Dumb Association founded in 1890
when was BSL recognised as a language?
18th March 2003
who is francis maginn?
founder of BDDA
who is marlee matlin?
oscar-winning actress
who is dorothy miles?
BSL poet
who is evelyn glennie?
percussionist
who is helen keller?
deaf-blind activist
who is jenny sealey?
theatre director
who is Laurent Clerc?
Deaf teacher: france to USA
who is Thomas Braidwood?
18th century deaf teacher
alexander graham bell
inventor of the telephone
who is abbe de l’epee?
a monk who established a free deaf school in paris
what is the importance of monks?
several monks took a vow of silence and used sign language to communicate - they saw this as an opportunity to ‘save’ deaf and dumb from ending up in hell, as signing would enable them to go to heaven. deaf and dumb people weren’t allowed to make a will or inherit property, excluded from religious worship, seen as sinful.
who were the braidwood family?
a family in the 18th century who owned deaf schools across the country - they kept their teaching methods secret. mainly used oral, but also used fingerspelling to communicate
why is ASL similar to french sign language?
american deaf schools needed advice - england and braidwood family refused to help, so they turned to paris and abbe de l’epee’s methods
what signs are used in deaf education?
BSL, SSE (sign supported english), cued speech, makaton
what is a pro of deaf schools?
smaller classes, community, teaching will be specialised
what is a con of deaf schools?
expensive to run, less schools so likely to need to commute/board, less lipreading ability, no interaction with hearing students, culture shock when leaving school
what are the pros of mainstream schools?
learn to adapt/lipread, get used to what a workplace might be like, inclusive/interact with deaf/hearing, good awareness for other students
what are the cons of mainstream schools?
deaf can be isolated/lonely, can get behind on work, could be bullying, teachers not qualified for teaching deaf students
when did the NHS start fitting hearing aids?
1947 (hearing aids went digital in 2002)
what does a microphone in a hearing aid do?
converts acoustic signals to electrical signals
what does an amplifier in a hearing aid do?
increases level of electrical signal
what does a reciever in a hearing aid do?
converts electrical signal back to acoustic
what is a cochlear implant?
requires invasive surgery, sound goes in microphone, bypasses the rest of the ear/the part that doesn’t work
when were hearing aids invented?
first idea -1930’s
first attempt - 1957, paris, djourno and eyries, which was successful for a few months
first success - 1961, dr william house, 2 patients in clinical trial
what is the controversy around hearing aids?
it isnt a ‘cure’, only improves hearing by one level, many adults are opposed to use, its a threat to deaf culture
what is the difference between hearing aids and cochlear implants?
hearing aids make sounds louder, cochlear implants replaces function of damaged part of ear
what is the warnock report?
1978 - biggest report into SE, reported that integration into society was good for most, not all. gave parents a choice of schools. 75 deaf schools in 1977, 21 in 2017, key word ‘integration’ - now inclusion
what is the conrad report?
indicated a failure of education system - low reading age for deaf-school leavers
2017: 33% deaf children have 5 or more GCSE’s, compared to 57% hearing children
what is the medical model of disability?
viewed as a problem that belongs to the individal, not seen as an issue to others - eg. wheelchair users unable to get into building, would suggest its because of the wheelchair, not the steps
what is the social model of disability?
draws on the idea that society disables people, through designing everything to meet the needs of the majority - the task of reducing barriers is the responsibility of society
what is the medical model of deafness?
similar to medical model of disability - the problem belongs to the deaf person, emphasis on the provision of hearing aids and “curing” deafness
what is the social model of deafness?
sees issue of deafness as a ‘disability’, deafness is not an attribte of an individual, but rather a complex range of conditions, collective responsibility of society to make necessary modifications
what is the cultural model of deafness?
arises from (but not limited to) deaf people, especially BSL users - also includes professionals such as interpreters and social workers, leads to a sense of Deaf identity, sees deaf experience as positive instead of a tragedy
