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BMS301 Central Nervous System > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the 2 hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

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2
Q

Site of cerebellum

A

inferior to the cerebrum and occupies the posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

Beginning of spinal cord

A

Continuation of MO at level of C1 below the foramen magnum

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4
Q

Lower end of spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

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5
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

C5 - T1

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6
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

L1 - S2

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7
Q

A bundle formed by The lumbar and sacral nerves which occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5.

A

cauda equina

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8
Q

A ligament that extends from the Conus medullaris to the back of the
coccyx.

A

Filum terminale

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9
Q

Ligaments that extend from the pia mater between the dorsal and ventral nerve roots to anchor the spinal cord to the dura.

A

denticulate ligaments

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10
Q

It is the lower part of the subarachnoid space. It extends from L2 to S2.

A

Lumbar Cistern

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11
Q

Contents of Lumbar cistern

A
  1. CSF
  2. Cauda equine
  3. filum terminale
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12
Q

Best site for lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

A

between the spines of L3 and L4 (sometimes L4 and L5)

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13
Q

Mention sensory cells of the dorsal horn

A
  1. Posteromarginal nucleus
  2. Substantia gelatinosa of Rolandi
  3. Nucleus proprius
  4. Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s nucleus)
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14
Q

Mention site and function of Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s nucleus)

A

at the base of the dorsal horn and extends from C8 to L2 segments. Associated with unconscious proprioception.

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15
Q

Mention site and function of Nucleus proprius

A

center of the dorsal horn. It mediates pain, temperature, touch and pressure sensations.

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16
Q

Mention site and function of Substantia gelatinosa of Rolandi

A

at the apex of the dorsal horn. It is associated with pain & temperature sensation.

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17
Q

Mention site and function of Posteromarginal nucleus

A

at the tip of the dorsal horn and mediates pain and temperature sensations.

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18
Q

Course of Single Anterior Spinal
Artery

A

descends in the anterior median fissure
of the spinal cord. supplies anterior 2/3 of
the spinal cord.

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19
Q

Course of Two Posterior Spinal
Arteries

A

descend along the posterolateral fissure. supply the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord.

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20
Q

Course of artery of Adamkiewicz,

A

enters the spinal cord between segments T8 and L4. supplies most of the arterial blood supply for the lower half of the spinal cord

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21
Q

The embryonic origin of the NS

A

ectodermal

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22
Q

The embryonic source of the CNS

A

Neural tube

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23
Q

The embryonic source of the PNS

A

Neural crest

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24
Q

The embryonic source of the inner ear

A

Placodes

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25
Q

Development of neural tube begins during

A

3rd week

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26
Q

The embryonic origin of the cerebral hemisphere.

A

Telencephalon

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27
Q

The embryonic origin of the lateral ventricle

A

cavity inside each hemisphere (from Telencephalon)

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28
Q

The embryonic origin of the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and
epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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29
Q

The embryonic origin of the third ventricle

A

The cavity inside Diencephalon

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30
Q

The embryonic origin of the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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31
Q

The embryonic origin of the cerebral aqueduct

A

The cavity inside Mesencephalon

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32
Q

The embryonic origin of the 4th ventricle.

A

The cavity inside Rhombencephalon

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33
Q

The embryonic origin of pons and cerebellum

A

Metencephalon (from Rhombencephalon)

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34
Q

The embryonic origin of medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon (from Rhombencephalon)

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35
Q

The neural tube fails to close in the spinal cord region.

A

Myelocele

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36
Q

The neural tube fails to close in the brain region

A

Anencephaly

37
Q

The vertebral canal remain open posteriorly

A

Spina bifida

38
Q

The defect covered by skin and hair. The spinal cord is usually normal

A

spina bifida occulta

39
Q

The meninges project through the defect
forming a cyst. Normal spinal cord

A

Spina bifida with meningocele

40
Q

The spinal cord and the meninges project
through the defect forming a cyst

A

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele

41
Q

Herniation of the brain meninges only

A

Meningocele

42
Q

Herniation of meninges and brain tissue

A

Meningoencephalocele

43
Q

Herniation of meninges, brain and ventricular lumen

A

Meningohydroencephalocele

44
Q

Connects the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

foramen of Monro

45
Q

Connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

A

aqueduct of sylvius

46
Q

main source of CSF

A

choroid plexus of the ventricle mainly
the lateral ventricle

47
Q

CSF leaves the 4th ventricle through

A

median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral foramina of Lushka.

48
Q

The main site of drainage of CSF

A

the arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulation (which project into the dural venous sinuses)

49
Q

Abnormal increase in the volume of the CSF with dilatation of ventricles and increase in the size of the head

A

Hydrocephalus

50
Q

the commonest cause of hydrocephalus

A

Obstruction to the circulation

51
Q

The law that explains Modality Discrimination at level of receptor

A

Muller law of specific nerve energy

52
Q

The law that explains Modality Discrimination at central level

A

Labelled line principle

53
Q

Explains Locality Discrimination

A

law of projection

54
Q

Importance of rapidly adapting receptors?

A

inform CNS about onset, termination and change in intensity

55
Q

Importance of slowly adapting receptors?

A

maintain sensory information so subserve vital functions

56
Q

Receptors of crude touch

A

free nerve endings and hair follicle

57
Q

pathway of crude touch

A

ventral spinothalamic

58
Q

afferents of crude touch

A

A-delta nerve fibers and C non myelinated nerve fibers

59
Q

Receptors of fine touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel’s discs

60
Q

pathway of fine touch

A

Gracile and cuneate tracts

61
Q

afferents of fine touch

A

A-beta nerve fibers

62
Q

Receptors of pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

63
Q

It is the ability to localize exactly the point of touch
with eyes closed

A

Tactile localization

64
Q

Is the ability to feel 2 points of touch with eyes
closed as 2 separate points of touch provided that
the distance between the 2 points is greater than
minimal distance

A

Tactile discrimination

65
Q

It is the ability to recognize a familiar object with
eyes closed

A

Stereognosis

66
Q

Ability of the person with his eyes closed to recognize the nature of an object

A

Texture of materials

67
Q

Receptors of pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

68
Q

Pathway of pressure

A

Gracile and cuneate tracts

69
Q

Receptors of vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner’s
corpuscles

70
Q

pathway of vibration

A

Gracile and cuneate tracts

71
Q

Function of muscle receptors (ms spindle and Golgi tendon)

A

inform CNS about changes in the ms length & the
rate of this change “velocity”

72
Q

Function of joint receptors

A

Ruffini endings : continuously discharge impulses to
inform the C.N.S about the position of the joints
Pacinian corpuscles : inform the C.N.S about, the onset,
the termination and the velocity of the movement

73
Q

Pathway of Proprioceptive Sense at subconscious level

A

spinocerebellar tracts

74
Q

Cold receptors

A

encapsulated nerve endings transmitting their
signals by type A-delta nerve fibers.

75
Q

Warm receptors

A

free nerve endings transmitting their signals
mainly by type C-nerve fibers.

76
Q

Paradoxical cold sensation occurs at

A

45 -50 C

77
Q

Maximum cold rate receptors discharge at

A

5 C

78
Q

Heat pain receptors discharge at

A

45 C

79
Q

Pathway of thermal sensation

A

anterolateral system (lateral spinothalamic tract)

80
Q

Site of Somatic Sensory Area I (Area 3, 1, 2)

A

Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

81
Q

Function of somatic sensory area 1

A

receives nearly all somatic sensations (Fast pain, Fine touch, Fine grades of temperature, Deep sensations pressure, tension, vibration, position and movements)

82
Q

Lesion in somatic sensory area 1

A

a) Inability to localize accurately the site of different
stimuli.
b) Inability to perceive minute differences in the
intensity of sensory stimuli.
c) Astereognosis i.e. inability to recognize the shapes or
forms or texture of materials.
d) Loss of fine touch and orientation of different parts
of body to each other.

83
Q

Site of Somatic Sensory Area II (Area 40)

A

Parietal lobe posterior and inferior to lower end of area I

84
Q

Function of Somatic sensory area II

A

Start the meaning of somatic sensations

85
Q

Lesion in Somatic sensory area II

A

Defect in learning based on tactile discrimination

86
Q

Site of Somatic Sensory Association Area (Area 5,7)

A

Parietal lobe behind area I and above area II

87
Q

Functions of (Area 5,7)

A
  • Give the meaning of all types of sensations received from primary sensory areas
  • Transmit the pre-analyzed proprioceptive sensations to brain motor centers that helps in control and coordination of movements.
88
Q

Lesion in (Area 5,7)

A
  • Astereognosis (loss of ability to recognize the
    complex objects).
  • Parietal lobe neglect: The sensory information from the opposite side of the body are ignored and neglected and even the brain forgets the other ½ of the body and often forgets to use the contralateral side of his body
89
Q
A

BMS301 Central Nervous System (1 decks)

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