Week 1 Flashcards by Rawan Walid

A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the 2 hemispheres

Corpus callosum

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Site of cerebellum

inferior to the cerebrum and occupies the posterior cranial fossa

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Beginning of spinal cord

Continuation of MO at level of C1 below the foramen magnum

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Lower end of spinal cord

Conus medullaris

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Cervical enlargement

C5 - T1

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Lumbar enlargement

L1 - S2

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A bundle formed by The lumbar and sacral nerves which occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5.

cauda equina

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A ligament that extends from the Conus medullaris to the back of the
coccyx.

Filum terminale

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Ligaments that extend from the pia mater between the dorsal and ventral nerve roots to anchor the spinal cord to the dura.

denticulate ligaments

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It is the lower part of the subarachnoid space. It extends from L2 to S2.

Lumbar Cistern

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Contents of Lumbar cistern

CSF
Cauda equine
filum terminale

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Best site for lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

between the spines of L3 and L4 (sometimes L4 and L5)

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Mention sensory cells of the dorsal horn

Posteromarginal nucleus
Substantia gelatinosa of Rolandi
Nucleus proprius
Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s nucleus)

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Mention site and function of Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s nucleus)

at the base of the dorsal horn and extends from C8 to L2 segments. Associated with unconscious proprioception.

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Mention site and function of Nucleus proprius

center of the dorsal horn. It mediates pain, temperature, touch and pressure sensations.

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Mention site and function of Substantia gelatinosa of Rolandi

at the apex of the dorsal horn. It is associated with pain & temperature sensation.

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Mention site and function of Posteromarginal nucleus

at the tip of the dorsal horn and mediates pain and temperature sensations.

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Course of Single Anterior Spinal
Artery

descends in the anterior median fissure
of the spinal cord. supplies anterior 2/3 of
the spinal cord.

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Course of Two Posterior Spinal
Arteries

descend along the posterolateral fissure. supply the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord.

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Course of artery of Adamkiewicz,

enters the spinal cord between segments T8 and L4. supplies most of the arterial blood supply for the lower half of the spinal cord

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The embryonic origin of the NS

ectodermal

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The embryonic source of the CNS

Neural tube

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The embryonic source of the PNS

Neural crest

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The embryonic source of the inner ear

Placodes

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Development of neural tube begins during

3rd week

The embryonic origin of the cerebral hemisphere.

Telencephalon

The embryonic origin of the lateral ventricle

cavity inside each hemisphere (from Telencephalon)

The embryonic origin of the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus

Diencephalon

The embryonic origin of the third ventricle

The cavity inside Diencephalon

The embryonic origin of the midbrain

Mesencephalon

The embryonic origin of the cerebral aqueduct

The cavity inside Mesencephalon

The embryonic origin of the 4th ventricle.

The cavity inside Rhombencephalon

The embryonic origin of pons and cerebellum

Metencephalon (from Rhombencephalon)

The embryonic origin of medulla oblongata

Myelencephalon (from Rhombencephalon)

The neural tube fails to close in the spinal cord region.

Myelocele

The neural tube fails to close in the brain region

Anencephaly

The vertebral canal remain open posteriorly

Spina bifida

The defect covered by skin and hair. The spinal cord is usually normal

spina bifida occulta

The meninges project through the defect forming a cyst. Normal spinal cord

Spina bifida with meningocele

The spinal cord and the meninges project through the defect forming a cyst

Spina bifida with meningomyelocele

Herniation of the brain meninges only

Meningocele

Herniation of meninges and brain tissue

Meningoencephalocele

Herniation of meninges, brain and ventricular lumen

Meningohydroencephalocele

Connects the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

foramen of Monro

Connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

aqueduct of sylvius

main source of CSF

choroid plexus of the ventricle mainly the lateral ventricle

CSF leaves the 4th ventricle through

median foramen of Magendie and the two lateral foramina of Lushka.

The main site of drainage of CSF

the arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulation (which project into the dural venous sinuses)

Abnormal increase in the volume of the CSF with dilatation of ventricles and increase in the size of the head

Hydrocephalus

the commonest cause of hydrocephalus

Obstruction to the circulation

The law that explains Modality Discrimination at level of receptor

Muller law of specific nerve energy

The law that explains Modality Discrimination at central level

Labelled line principle

Explains Locality Discrimination

law of projection

Importance of rapidly adapting receptors?

inform CNS about onset, termination and change in intensity

Importance of slowly adapting receptors?

maintain sensory information so subserve vital functions

Receptors of crude touch

free nerve endings and hair follicle

pathway of crude touch

ventral spinothalamic

afferents of crude touch

A-delta nerve fibers and C non myelinated nerve fibers

Receptors of fine touch

Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's discs

pathway of fine touch

Gracile and cuneate tracts

afferents of fine touch

A-beta nerve fibers

Receptors of pressure

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

It is the ability to localize exactly the point of touch with eyes closed

Tactile localization

Is the ability to feel 2 points of touch with eyes closed as 2 separate points of touch provided that the distance between the 2 points is greater than minimal distance

Tactile discrimination

It is the ability to recognize a familiar object with eyes closed

Stereognosis

Ability of the person with his eyes closed to recognize the nature of an object

Texture of materials

Receptors of pressure

Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings

Pathway of pressure

Gracile and cuneate tracts

Receptors of vibration

Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner’s corpuscles

pathway of vibration

Gracile and cuneate tracts

Function of muscle receptors (ms spindle and Golgi tendon)

inform CNS about changes in the ms length & the rate of this change “velocity”

Function of joint receptors

Ruffini endings : continuously discharge impulses to inform the C.N.S about the position of the joints Pacinian corpuscles : inform the C.N.S about, the onset, the termination and the velocity of the movement

Pathway of Proprioceptive Sense at subconscious level

spinocerebellar tracts

Cold receptors

encapsulated nerve endings transmitting their signals by type A-delta nerve fibers.

Warm receptors

free nerve endings transmitting their signals mainly by type C-nerve fibers.

Paradoxical cold sensation occurs at

45 -50 C

Maximum cold rate receptors discharge at

5 C

Heat pain receptors discharge at

45 C

Pathway of thermal sensation

anterolateral system (lateral spinothalamic tract)

Site of Somatic Sensory Area I (Area 3, 1, 2)

Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

Function of somatic sensory area 1

receives nearly all somatic sensations (Fast pain, Fine touch, Fine grades of temperature, Deep sensations pressure, tension, vibration, position and movements)

Lesion in somatic sensory area 1

a) Inability to localize accurately the site of different stimuli. b) Inability to perceive minute differences in the intensity of sensory stimuli. c) Astereognosis i.e. inability to recognize the shapes or forms or texture of materials. d) Loss of fine touch and orientation of different parts of body to each other.

Site of Somatic Sensory Area II (Area 40)

Parietal lobe posterior and inferior to lower end of area I

Function of Somatic sensory area II

Start the meaning of somatic sensations

Lesion in Somatic sensory area II

Defect in learning based on tactile discrimination

Site of Somatic Sensory Association Area (Area 5,7)

Parietal lobe behind area I and above area II

Functions of (Area 5,7)

- Give the meaning of all types of sensations received from primary sensory areas - Transmit the pre-analyzed proprioceptive sensations to brain motor centers that helps in control and coordination of movements.

Lesion in (Area 5,7)

- Astereognosis (loss of ability to recognize the complex objects). - Parietal lobe neglect: The sensory information from the opposite side of the body are ignored and neglected and even the brain forgets the other ½ of the body and often forgets to use the contralateral side of his body