Week 1

Question 1

What is Planetary Health?

Answer 1

The achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, well-being and equity worldwide through judicious attention to human systems, the earth’s natural system which defines the limits within humanity can flourish”.

Question 2

What are MDG’s?

Answer 2

Millennium Development Goals, which includes better maternal care, reduced infant mortality and eradication of HIV, Malaria and other disease.

Question 3

Why is Global Health considered Important?

Answer 3

It is a transborder issue. A fundamental right, an aspect of society that is often overlooked and key to their thriving success. Inequities in health continue to exist. It encourages scale-efficiencies (countries work together in order to achieve otherwise impossible goals), Joint-learning and interdependency.

Question 4

What are some emerging challenges in the world of health care?

Answer 4

Syndemics, Pandemics and climate change+
systemic inequalities+
system performance shortfalls+
Health Tech and Digitalisation.

Question 5

What are Zoonoses?

Answer 5

Diseases transferred from animals to humans, ex: rabies and salmonella.

Question 6

What are the 2 main points in Article 25?

Answer 6

1. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living, good social, physical and mental health; as well as the social services required should they not be able to sustain themselves.
2. Motherhood and Childhood are entitled to special care, every child shall enjoy the same protection and rights.

Question 7

What are SDG’s?

Answer 7

Sustainable Development Goals, are an evolution, more precise of MDG’s, they have a larger focus on development and the environment but still include goals such as “global and better healthcare”, which has subcategories that target issues at a case by case level.

Question 8

What are 3 causes of lower-quality healthcare?

Answer 8

Root: Natural environment (climate) and macro issues (conflicts and war).
Underlying: Built environment (transportation systems) and social context (governance).
Proximal: Material (Income) and Behavioural (physical habits like smoking and exercise).

Question 9

What is the Global Vaccine Inequity?

Answer 9

Countries that have more money to spend were the first to be approached with vaccines as companies knew they could sell more. Therefore, these nations were first to receive vaccines, as well as they received the majority of them.

Question 10

How many countries have adopted the constitutional right to health?

Answer 10

115, including venezuela and costa rica, which have fought for the lowering in price of medicine that they have struggled to afford for large groups of the affected population.

Question 11

What are some ethical dilemmas when it comes to public health?

Answer 11

Mandatory vaccines, lockdowns and quarantines, travel advisories.

Question 12

What are Syndemics?

Answer 12

Multiple forces that are out of control, converging and making already bad situations worse (pandemic+natural disasters+processed foods+smoking).

Question 13

What did Angus Deaton say that changed the way people viewed healthcare in developing nations?

Answer 13

People in poor countries are not sick primarily due to their poverty, but also due to the poor disorganisation and social services for health, hence higher income cannot automatically ameliorate the situation

Question 14

How does the WHO define Health? What year did this definition emerge in?

Answer 14

Health is defined as the complete state of physical, mental and social well-being … is not merely the absence of disease. Definition came from the 1948 WHO health convention.

Question 15

What and When was the Alma Ata Declaration?

Answer 15

In 1978, declared primary health care for all. Defined health as a fundamental right for all; health encompassed physical, mental and social well-being, not simply the absence of disease or illness. Attainment of highest worldwide level of health is a primary social goal, and involves multiple sectors of everyday life coming together in order to make it happen (economists). Widespread inequality in the healthcare access in the population, is politically, socially and economically unacceptable and is largely seen in underdeveloped and developing nations. Regardless, it is a common concern of all countries (because we must work together). The common person has the right and duty in participating in their individual and collective health care (its planning and implementation).

Question 16

What was the Alma Ata approach?

Answer 16

Essential Healthcare approach: Alma Ata bases this approach on realistic social, economic and scientific methods; health care should be universally accessible, should be done at a cost that suits the needs and resources of the country, allowing it to serve all as well as grow resources and advance infrastructure. It should not only be the basis for well-being in the community, but also provide social and economic benefits and opportunities. Health care should be brought to the people, made accessible regardless of where you live or what your living situation is. This would constitute as the first element of the “continuing health care act”.

Question 17

What is meant by “Billion Dollar Babies”?

Answer 17

Children who are beneficiaries of the fund set up by Bill Gates.

Question 18

What do Public Health and Population Health Share in Common?

Answer 18

The pursuit of health. Part of the common challenge is thinking about everything that contributes/generates health and ensuring that efforts/changes are aimed at helping those at which these efforts are directed in serving.

Question 19

What Chart is used to determine Health?

Answer 19

The Rainbow of Health Determinants by Dahlgren is used to display factors varying in specificity (from hereditary and biological factors to socioeconomic and behavioural data). Brought fourth important conclusion: that intersectionality is seen in health care and people can fit into multiple categories (mom who is poor VS mom who is well-off).

Question 20

What is the Inverse Care Law?

Answer 20

The availability of Health care will vary inversely depending on its necessity, hence, in countries where it is most needed, it is least readily available.

Question 21

What is Public Health and What are some of its goals?

Answer 21

Defined as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health, and efficiency through organised community efforts towards: Sanitary environment; control of community infections; education in personal hygiene, organisation of services for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Question 22

What is Population Health?

Answer 22

An approach that aims to improve health of entire population. Observes and acts upon factors/conditions that have strong influence on health over course of entire life, identifies systematic variations and patterns in their occurrence, applying resulting knowledge towards developing improvement policies.

Question 23

What was the goal of the Alma Ata

Answer 23

Primary goal of: acceptable health care for all by the year 2000. Could be achieved through a better use of resources, which were (at the time) largely spent on militarization and armament. Furthermore, a genuine policy that encourages independence, peace and disarmament would allow these resources to be drafted much easier. To accelerate the speed at which health care increases, it should have its own allotted fund.

Question 24

What did Tommy Douglas say about child healthcare?

Answer 24

“I felt that no boy should
have to depend — either
for his leg or his life –
upon the ability of his
parents to raise enough
money to bring a first
class surgeon to the
bedside”

Question 25

What are some patterns in Health across the globe?

Answer 25

Higher income nations have less infant and maternal deaths. Some things are improving, with overall longer lifespans and less child mortality, but millions continue to suffer and die from diseases despite advances of medicine.

Question 26

What is Koplan’s Definition of Global Health?

Answer 26

An area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Global health emphasises transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions. Involving many disciplines within and beyond health sciences and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based promotion with individual level clinical care”.

Question 27

What is the “Right to Health” and who brought forth this theory?

Answer 27

Announced by WHO “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction to structural inequalities”.

Question 28

What is One Health?

Answer 28

The integrative effort of multiple disciplines working on all scales to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment.

Question 29

What did the 1989 CRC proclaim?

Answer 29

The Convention of the Rights of a Child announced that any human below the age of 18 shall “enjoy the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. State parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of their right to access such health care services”