Week 1 Flashcards
solute
The solute is the substance that is dissolved
solvent
A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution
solution
A solution is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances
aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent
4 classes of large biological molecules (macromolecules) that make up living things
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Macromolecules are made up of polymers, which are made up of monomers.
A __________________ reaction synthesizes a polymer by removing a water molecule. A _________________reaction creates a polymer by adding a water molecule, breaking a bond.
A dehydration reaction synthesizes a polymer by removing a water molecule. A hydrolysis reaction creates a polymer by adding a water molecule.
i.e. Dehydration reactions synthesize/assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart into smaller polymers or monomers.
Functions of carbohydrates
1) Source of energy (synthesized through liver)
2) External surface of cell membrane
3) Important as dietary fiber
Types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
disaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose)
polysaccharides (cellulose in plants, starch, glycogen in animals, chitin in animals and fungi)
Disaccharides–what are they? How are they formed?
The most basic form of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides are formed when at least 2 monosaccharides form a covalent bond. More than 20 monosaccharides joined = a polysaccharide.
3 important disaccharides
sucrose - table sugar
Consists of: glucose and fructose
lactose - sugar in milk
Consists of: glucose and galactose
maltose - grain products
Consists of: glucose and glucose
4 polysaccharides
1) Glycogen: energy storage polysaccharide in animals. Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
2) Starch: energy storage polysaccharide in plants. Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
3) Cellulose: structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ
4) Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
Excess carbohydrates in our diet are converted into __________ (a type of lipid).
Excess carbohydrates in our diet are converted into triglycerides (a type of lipid).
A diet rich in __________fats may contribute to cardiovascular
disease through plaque deposits.
A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular
disease through plaque deposits.
Saturated fats (LPL) raise cholesterol in blood to contribute to cardiovascular disease. Unsaturated fats lower cholesterol in blood decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease.
Nucleotide is composed of…
a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the basic building blocks of life
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
heterotroph
Heterotrophic organisms that get their energy from other organisms (dead or alive).
e.g. animals, fungi.
abiotic factors
Abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical or physical parts of the environment that affect life and the ecosystem.
autotroph
Autotrophic organisms produce complex organic compounds using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide, generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions. They convert an abiotic source of energy into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms.
They do not rely on other organisms to get their energy (as heterotrophs do).
endosymbiont theory
Life began at least 3.5 billion years ago with prokaryotes.
1.8 bil years ago, cells began pulling in symbionts (other cells) = endosymbiotic
