Week 1 Flashcards
Define pathology.
A bridge between the basic sciences and clinical medicine, both clinical and laboratory disciplines.
What are the core aspects of pathology?
Understanding the structural, biochemical and functional alterations in cells, tissues and organs, which is essential for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of disease.
How or from what are structural alterations seen?
a. Cells
b. Tissues
c. Organs
How are biochemical alterations observed?
Measuring concentration of certain solutes/chemicals in body fluid.
How are functional alterations determined?
Metabolism and enzyme activity.
Define exogenous factors and state one example.
Something arising from outside of the body, e.g COVID-19
What are clinical diagnosis based on?
a. Hx taking
b. Laboratory tests
c. CT-imaging
In pathology, diseases lead to changes in what?
a. Cell
b. Tissue
c. Organ morphology
…..which are characteristic to that disease. (e.g Lung cell and tissue affected by COVID-19)
Define the following terms on the pathologic basis of disease;
a. Etiology/Aetiology
b. Pathogenesis/ Pathophysiology
c. Molecular/ Morphologic
d. Clinical manifestations
a. Etiology/Aetiology = cause of disease.
b. Pathogenesis/ Pathophysiology = Mechanism of development.
c. Molecular/ Morphologic = Biochemical and structural alterations in cells and organs.
d. Clinical manifestations = functional consequences (symptoms and signs).
List and define morphologic features of cell injury and death.
a. Inflammation
b. Apoptosis = programmed cell death.
c. Pyroptosis = highly inflammatory mode of regulated cell death as a way of removing intracellular pathogens.
d. Necrosis = death of a body tissue.
List and define tissue response to abnormal stimuli and inherited defects.
a. Wound healing.
b. Systemic changes.
c. Intracellular and extracellular accumulations.
d. Hyperplasia = enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue which results from cell proliferation.
e. Hypertrophy = increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to enlargement of its component cells.
f. Atrophy = decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. or arrested development or loss of a part or organ.
g. Metaplasia = replacement of a mature, differentiated cell type by another mature cell type that doesn’t normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
Define anatomical/ surgical pathology.
The examination of cell and tissue samples in order to make a definitive diagnosis.
Define the following surgical pathological processes;
a. Biopsy/ Resection
b. Cytology
c. Autopsy/ Necropsy
a. Biopsy/ Resection = (1) Process that involves extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine presence or extent of disease.
(2) Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections stained to demonstrate cell and matrix structure.
b. Cytology = examining of smears of cell or fluid aspirates to come up with a diagnosis.
c. Autopsy/ Necropsy = gross examination of internal organs after death with evaluation of tissue sections.
Complete the following;
a. History and Physical Examination lead to …………………..
b. Imaging, Clinical laboratory testing ………………………
c. Examination of tissue sections submitted from surgery …………………….
d. Information leads to ………..
( 1. support or eliminate possible causes, 2. identifies the disease process, 3. differential diagnosis, 4. appropriate, disease-specific patient care)
a. History and Physical Examination lead to differential diagnosis.
b. Imaging, Clinical laboratory testing support or eliminate possible causes.
c. Examination of tissue sections submitted from surgery identifies the disease process.
d. Information leads to appropriate, disease-specific patient care.
