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Cell biology > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functional groups used in biological systems

A

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl (acidic)
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate

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2
Q

What is the structure of a hydroxyl?

A

R-OH

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3
Q

What is the structure of a carbonyl (aldehyde)?

A
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4
Q

What is the structure of a carbonyl (ketone)?

A
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5
Q

What the structure of a Carboxyl (acidic)?

A
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6
Q

What is the structure of an Amino?

A
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7
Q

What is the structure of a Sulfhydryl ?

A
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8
Q

What is the structure is a Phosphate?

A
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9
Q

What is the compound of a hydroxyl?

A

Alcohol; present in sugars and some amino acids

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10
Q

What are the compound of a Carbonyl ?

A

Aldehyde; present in sugars
AND
Ketone; present in sugars

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11
Q

What are the compound of a Carboxyl (acidic) ?

A

Carboxylic acid; present in fatty acids, amino acids.

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12
Q

What are the compound of an Amino ?

A

Amine; present in amino acids

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13
Q

What are the compound of a Sulfhydryl ?

A

Thiol; forms disulfide bonds when present in adjacent amino acids

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14
Q

What are the compound of a Phosphate ?

A

Organic phosphate; present in nucleotides and phospholipids.

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15
Q

Define monomer

A

Monomer: A monomer is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid. Monomers join to form polymers

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16
Q

Define Polymer

A

Polymers: a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

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17
Q

What are the types of polymers?

A

Starch, DNA strand, Polypeptide, triglyceride.

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18
Q

Define macromolecules

A

Macromolecules: a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

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19
Q

What are the types of monomers?

A

Monosaccharide, Nucleotide, Amino acid, Fatty acid.

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20
Q

What are the types of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates.
Nucleic acids.
Proteins.
Lipids.

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21
Q

What is The structures and roles of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates serve as energy storage and structural materials

Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars.

Carbohydrates are a loosely defined group of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

examples: sugars, starch, glucose

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22
Q

What are Monosaccharides:?

A

Simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates or other molecules in the cell.

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23
Q

Monosaccharides examples

A

3 carbon sugars; Glyceraldehyde

5 carbon sugars; Ribose, Deoxyribose

6 carbon sugars; Glucose C6H12O6

Fructose; Structural isomer

Galactose; Stereoisome

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24
Q

What is D-Glucose?

A

Glucose is a common sugar found in biology

Product of photosynthesis

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25
Q

Function of d-glucose?

A

Serves as a building block for many other carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen and cellulose

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26
Q

Fill in the blanks
Carbohydrates include … and …

A

simple sugars and polysaccharides

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27
Q

What is dehydration synthesis and its role?

A

Dehydration synthesis binds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide. Sucrose is a disaccharide

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28
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Hydrolysis seperates disaccharides into monosaccharides

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29
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides; Made via dehydration synthesis

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30
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Energy storage; Starch–plants. Glycogen–animals.
Structural support; Cellulose–plants. Chitin–arthropods, fungi

31
Q

What are some biological functions of carbohydrates?

A

Provide structure

Function as short and long-term storage of chemical energy

Part of backbones of nucleic acids

Combine with proteins (glycoproteins)

Combine with lipids (glycolipids)

32
Q

What is the structures of nucleic acids

A

-The primary structure of each protein in a cell is determined by the sequence of nucleic acids in DNA.
-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides.
-Sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base= nucleotide
-Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
-Nitrogenous bases include; Purines: adenine and guanine. Pyrimidines: thymine (only in DNA), cytosine, uracil (only in RNA).
-The carbon atoms that are part of the nitrogenous base or ribose sugar are numbered

33
Q

What are the 5 different possible nitrigenous bases?

A
34
Q

What is the Structure of DNA?

A

-DNA stores coded information
-Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose
-DNA is double-stranded
-Covalently-bonded sugar and phosphate molecules make up sides (backbone) DNA
-Hydrogen-bonds joins bases between strands

35
Q

DNA Complementary bases

A

-Thymine (T) always (almost always) pairs with adenine (A)
-Guanine (G) always (almost always) pairs with cytosine (C)
-Base sequence of all the genes is called the genome

36
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

RNA similar to DNA except:
-Its called Ribose not deoxyribose
-RNA uses uracil not thymine

-Often exists as single polynucleotide strand

-Synthesis of RNA uses the information in DNA. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (excludes retroviruses)

-Specifies sequence of amino acids in proteins

37
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and hydrogen binding between base-pairs.
RNA: Ribose-phosplate backbone.

38
Q

Whay is nucleic acid Dehydration synthesis?

A

Dehydration synthesis binds two nucleotides together, shown below. DNA and RNA are long chains of nucleotides.

39
Q

What are the roles of protein?

A

-Proteins are the “workers” of cells; they facilitate so many processes:
Proteins like collagen create cellular structures and Proteins like actin and myosin produce muscle contractions.
-Protein functions include:

  1. Enzyme catalysis
  2. Defence
  3. Transport
  4. Structural Support 5. Motion
  5. Regulation
  6. Storage
40
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Proteins are made of amino acids

Proteins are polymers; Composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains, Each chain = polypeptide.

Amino acid structure; Central carbon atom, Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH), Single hydrogen, Variable R group

The monomers of proteins are amino acids.

There are 20 different amino acids in nature.

All amino acids have the same general structure.

41
Q

Amino acids properties

A

Each amino acid has its own chemical and physical properties

The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R-groups.

Some are polar, some are nonpolar, some are charged.

Some are small, some are medium, some are bulky.

42
Q

What is Proteins: synthesis and breakdown

A

Dehydration synthesis binds two amino acids together, forming a dipeptide, shown below. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

43
Q

Which cellular machine/organelle synthesises proteins?

A

Ribosomes are the molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits.

44
Q

why do polypeptides fold?

A

Polypeptides fold to give proteins there appropriate 3- dimensional structure that is required for their functioning

45
Q

Polypeptide folding explained

A

A chain of amino acids folds into a unique 3-D shape to become a protein.

46
Q

The function of a protein depends on ….

A

its shape, or tertiary structure.

47
Q

Denatured proteins lose their ….

A

shape.

48
Q

What is protein folding?

A

Protein folding also involves the congregation of hydrophobic amino acids in a hydrophobic interior of the protein ‘hidden’ away from water molecules

49
Q

What is Denaturation of proteins

A

Loss of structure and function due to Environmental conditions; pH, Temperature (excess heat Ionic concentration of solution

50
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Loosely defined group of molecules

Insoluble in water

High proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds

They are Hydrophobic

51
Q

examples of lipids

A

Etc; Fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins, Terpenes,Steroids (cholesterol), Prostaglandins

52
Q

What is phospholipids and cholesterol?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol are important lipids with a variety of functions

Phospholipids are components of cell membranes.

Cholesterol is a common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones.

53
Q

What do phospholipids contain?

A

A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. Three fatty acids are attached to the glycerol of a fat molecule.

54
Q

Lipids are a collection of ….

A

different hydrophobic molecules

55
Q

All lipids are ….

A

hydrophobic.

56
Q

Different groups of lipids include molecules with …

A

varying structure and function.

57
Q

Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are NOT ….

A

built from chains of monomers.

58
Q

What are the Classes of lipids?

A

Triglycerides; (Fats and oils), are energy rich. We need them for long-term energy storage.
AND
Steroids are another group of lipids. They have a 4-ring structure.

59
Q

what are Steroids ?

A

Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function

60
Q

what is the base steroid in our body?

A

Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids. Eg: sex hormones.

61
Q

what is the structure if steroids?

A

The carbon skeleton is bent to form 4 fused rings

62
Q

Examples of carbohydrates:

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

63
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

immedieate energy and stored energy; structural molecules.

64
Q

One example of carbohydrate Monomer

A

Glucose

65
Q

Lipid examples

A

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.

66
Q

2 examples of lipid monomers

A

glycerol and fatty acid

67
Q

Lipid functions

A

long-term energy storage; membrane components

68
Q

Protein examples

A

structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile

69
Q

1 example of protein monomer

A

amino acid

70
Q

Protein function

A

Support, metabolic, motion, and regulation, transport (smmart)

71
Q

Example of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA

72
Q

1 EXAMPLE OF nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotide

73
Q

Function of nucleic acid

A

Storage of genetic information.

Cell biology (4 decks)

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