week 1 Flashcards
What are the functional groups used in biological systems
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl (acidic)
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
What is the structure of a hydroxyl?
R-OH
What is the structure of a carbonyl (aldehyde)?
What is the structure of a carbonyl (ketone)?
What the structure of a Carboxyl (acidic)?
What is the structure of an Amino?
What is the structure of a Sulfhydryl ?
What is the structure is a Phosphate?
What is the compound of a hydroxyl?
Alcohol; present in sugars and some amino acids
What are the compound of a Carbonyl ?
Aldehyde; present in sugars
AND
Ketone; present in sugars
What are the compound of a Carboxyl (acidic) ?
Carboxylic acid; present in fatty acids, amino acids.
What are the compound of an Amino ?
Amine; present in amino acids
What are the compound of a Sulfhydryl ?
Thiol; forms disulfide bonds when present in adjacent amino acids
What are the compound of a Phosphate ?
Organic phosphate; present in nucleotides and phospholipids.
Define monomer
Monomer: A monomer is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid. Monomers join to form polymers
Define Polymer
Polymers: a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.
What are the types of polymers?
Starch, DNA strand, Polypeptide, triglyceride.
Define macromolecules
Macromolecules: a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
What are the types of monomers?
Monosaccharide, Nucleotide, Amino acid, Fatty acid.
What are the types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates.
Nucleic acids.
Proteins.
Lipids.
What is The structures and roles of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates serve as energy storage and structural materials
Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars.
Carbohydrates are a loosely defined group of molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
examples: sugars, starch, glucose
What are Monosaccharides:?
Simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates or other molecules in the cell.
Monosaccharides examples
3 carbon sugars; Glyceraldehyde
5 carbon sugars; Ribose, Deoxyribose
6 carbon sugars; Glucose C6H12O6
Fructose; Structural isomer
Galactose; Stereoisome
What is D-Glucose?
Glucose is a common sugar found in biology
Product of photosynthesis
Function of d-glucose?
Serves as a building block for many other carbohydrates such as starch, glycogen and cellulose
Fill in the blanks
Carbohydrates include … and …
simple sugars and polysaccharides
What is dehydration synthesis and its role?
Dehydration synthesis binds two monosaccharides together, forming a disaccharide. Sucrose is a disaccharide
What is hydrolysis
Hydrolysis seperates disaccharides into monosaccharides
What are Polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides; Made via dehydration synthesis
Function of polysaccharides
Energy storage; Starch–plants. Glycogen–animals.
Structural support; Cellulose–plants. Chitin–arthropods, fungi
What are some biological functions of carbohydrates?
Provide structure
Function as short and long-term storage of chemical energy
Part of backbones of nucleic acids
Combine with proteins (glycoproteins)
Combine with lipids (glycolipids)
What is the structures of nucleic acids
-The primary structure of each protein in a cell is determined by the sequence of nucleic acids in DNA.
-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides.
-Sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base= nucleotide
-Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
-Nitrogenous bases include; Purines: adenine and guanine. Pyrimidines: thymine (only in DNA), cytosine, uracil (only in RNA).
-The carbon atoms that are part of the nitrogenous base or ribose sugar are numbered
What are the 5 different possible nitrigenous bases?
What is the Structure of DNA?
-DNA stores coded information
-Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose
-DNA is double-stranded
-Covalently-bonded sugar and phosphate molecules make up sides (backbone) DNA
-Hydrogen-bonds joins bases between strands
DNA Complementary bases
-Thymine (T) always (almost always) pairs with adenine (A)
-Guanine (G) always (almost always) pairs with cytosine (C)
-Base sequence of all the genes is called the genome
What is the structure of RNA?
RNA similar to DNA except:
-Its called Ribose not deoxyribose
-RNA uses uracil not thymine
-Often exists as single polynucleotide strand
-Synthesis of RNA uses the information in DNA. Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (excludes retroviruses)
-Specifies sequence of amino acids in proteins
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Deoxyribose-phosphate backbone and hydrogen binding between base-pairs.
RNA: Ribose-phosplate backbone.
Whay is nucleic acid Dehydration synthesis?
Dehydration synthesis binds two nucleotides together, shown below. DNA and RNA are long chains of nucleotides.
What are the roles of protein?
-Proteins are the “workers” of cells; they facilitate so many processes:
Proteins like collagen create cellular structures and Proteins like actin and myosin produce muscle contractions.
-Protein functions include:
- Enzyme catalysis
- Defence
- Transport
- Structural Support 5. Motion
- Regulation
- Storage
What is the structure of proteins?
Proteins are made of amino acids
Proteins are polymers; Composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains, Each chain = polypeptide.
Amino acid structure; Central carbon atom, Amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH), Single hydrogen, Variable R group
The monomers of proteins are amino acids.
There are 20 different amino acids in nature.
All amino acids have the same general structure.
Amino acids properties
Each amino acid has its own chemical and physical properties
The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R-groups.
Some are polar, some are nonpolar, some are charged.
Some are small, some are medium, some are bulky.
What is Proteins: synthesis and breakdown
Dehydration synthesis binds two amino acids together, forming a dipeptide, shown below. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.
Which cellular machine/organelle synthesises proteins?
Ribosomes are the molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis. A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits.
why do polypeptides fold?
Polypeptides fold to give proteins there appropriate 3- dimensional structure that is required for their functioning
Polypeptide folding explained
A chain of amino acids folds into a unique 3-D shape to become a protein.
The function of a protein depends on ….
its shape, or tertiary structure.
Denatured proteins lose their ….
shape.
What is protein folding?
Protein folding also involves the congregation of hydrophobic amino acids in a hydrophobic interior of the protein ‘hidden’ away from water molecules
What is Denaturation of proteins
Loss of structure and function due to Environmental conditions; pH, Temperature (excess heat Ionic concentration of solution
What are Lipids?
Loosely defined group of molecules
Insoluble in water
High proportion of nonpolar C—H bonds
They are Hydrophobic
examples of lipids
Etc; Fats, oils, waxes, some vitamins, Terpenes,Steroids (cholesterol), Prostaglandins
What is phospholipids and cholesterol?
Phospholipids and cholesterol are important lipids with a variety of functions
Phospholipids are components of cell membranes.
Cholesterol is a common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones.
What do phospholipids contain?
A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. Three fatty acids are attached to the glycerol of a fat molecule.
Lipids are a collection of ….
different hydrophobic molecules
All lipids are ….
hydrophobic.
Different groups of lipids include molecules with …
varying structure and function.
Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, lipids are NOT ….
built from chains of monomers.
What are the Classes of lipids?
Triglycerides; (Fats and oils), are energy rich. We need them for long-term energy storage.
AND
Steroids are another group of lipids. They have a 4-ring structure.
what are Steroids ?
Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function
what is the base steroid in our body?
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids. Eg: sex hormones.
what is the structure if steroids?
The carbon skeleton is bent to form 4 fused rings
Examples of carbohydrates:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
function of carbohydrates
immedieate energy and stored energy; structural molecules.
One example of carbohydrate Monomer
Glucose
Lipid examples
fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.
2 examples of lipid monomers
glycerol and fatty acid
Lipid functions
long-term energy storage; membrane components
Protein examples
structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile
1 example of protein monomer
amino acid
Protein function
Support, metabolic, motion, and regulation, transport (smmart)
Example of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
1 EXAMPLE OF nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
Function of nucleic acid
Storage of genetic information.
