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Physiology1b > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 chemical classification of hormones

A

Amines, peptides, steroids

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2
Q

How are each chemical classification of the hormones made

A

Amines: derived from the amino acid tyrosine or tryptophan

Peptides: synthesized by translation of mRNA on ribosomes

Steroids: synthesized from cholesterol

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3
Q

What are 3 examples of amine hormones

A

Adrenaline
Thyroxine
Melatonin

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4
Q

What are r examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
GH
FSH
ADH

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5
Q

What are 3 examples of steroids hormones

A

Sex hormones
Cortisol
Aldosterone

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6
Q

Which hormones are hydrophilic

A

All amines except thyroid hormones and proteins/peptides

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7
Q

Which hormones are hydrophobic

A

Steroids hormones and thyroid hormones

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8
Q

What is autocrine

A

Chemical messengers that are released by the secretory cells to act on the same cell

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9
Q

What is paracrine

A

Chemical messengers that are released by the secretory cells to act on neighboring cells
Eg: histamine

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10
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones that are released by the secretory cells to act into the blood stream

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for the action of hydrophilic hormones

A
  1. Hormones act on surface membrane receptors
  2. This activates an enzyme inside the membrane
  3. This enzyme activated other enzymes that are collectively called kinases
  4. The cascade generates an amplified response
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12
Q

What is the mechanism for the action of hydrophobic hormones

A
  1. Hydrophobic hormones diffuse through the cell membrane
  2. They then bind to intracellular receptors either in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  3. They then bind to hormone responsive elements to control gene expression
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13
Q

What triggers the release of a hormone
Describe each stimuli

A

Humoral stimuli: in response to a change in the internal environment of the body eg: blood glucose levels, sodium/potassium levels

Neuronal stimuli: a response to emotional or physical stress, or cognitive associations

Hormonal stimuli: in response to another hormone

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14
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop when GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

A

When GHRH that is produced from the hypothalamus increase this:
1. Stimulates the pituitary gland to release GH
2. GH acts on liver and all cells
3. Liver produces IGF-1
4. IGF-1 decreases the amount of GH and GHRH

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15
Q

How does glucose stimulate insulin secretion

A
  1. Glucose enters the cell via the GLUT2 transporter
  2. Glucose inside the cell is phosphorylated to G6P via the enzyme glucokinase
    G6P is metabolized to ATP through the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and OX/PHOS by beta cells
  3. This increases the ATP:ADP intracellular ratio
  4. This closes an ATP-sensitive K+ channel
  5. Cell membrane is depolarized
  6. Voltage gates Ca2+ channel open
  7. Intracellular Ca2+ activate microtubule-mediated exocytosis if insulin
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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of insulin signalling

A
  1. Insulin bonds to a tyrosine kinase receptor
  2. Insulin is self-phosphorylated and is activated
  3. Other signaling proteins are activated by phosphorylation. These activated protein mobilize vesicles containing the glucose transporter; GLUT-4
  4. Vesicles are trans-located to the cell membrane, where it fuses and becomes GLUT-4
17
Q

Where is GLUT-4 mostly Tran located in?

A

Adipocytes and muscles

18
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

Polyuria (excessive urination)
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive eating/appetite)
Hyperlipiemia (excess lipids in blood)
Muscle wasting
Electrolyte depletion
Ketoacidosis

19
Q

What is the normal glucose level

A

60-100 mg/dL

20
Q

What is the pre-diabetic glucose level

A

100-125 mg/dL

21
Q

What is the glucose levels in diabetes

A

.>125mg/dL

22
Q

Describe the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

Patients are to fast for 8 hours then consume 75g of glucose. After 2 hours of consuming the 75g of glucose measures the glucose levels in plasma
Normal: <7.8 mmol/L
Pre-diabetic: >= 7.8 , 11.1 mmol/L
Type 2 diabetes: >= 11.1 mmol/L

23
Q

What are the treatment options for type II diabetes

A
  1. GLP-1 antagonists
  2. DPP-4 inhibitors
  3. Sulfonylurea
  4. Metrormin
  5. Insulin
  6. Bariatric Surgery
24
Q

Describe the feedback loop for the drop of oxygen levels in the body

A
  1. O2 drops
  2. Kidney releases more erythropoietin (a hormone)
  3. The differentiation of pluripotent cells (from bone marrow) increases
  4. Erythrocytes increase (formed by the differentiation of the pluripotent cells)
25
Q

Which tissue is responsible for bone formation

A

Bone

26
Q

Which organ is responsible for calcium absorption

A

Intestines

27
Q

Which organ is responsible for calcium resorption

A

Kidney

28
Q

Describe the feedback loop in kidney for the decrease of blood pressure

A
  1. Blood pressure decreases
  2. Renin increases (these come from juxtaglomerular cells in kidney)
  3. Angiotensinogen

Physiology1b (1 decks)

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