week 1

Question 1

what are chemoreceptors stimulated by

Answer 1

particular chemicals

Question 2

what happens when chemoreceptors are stimulated

Answer 2

iduces a oleasurable or objectionable senstaion and influences the flow of digestive juive

Question 3

where are sensory recpetor cells of tasye

Answer 3

mainly packaged in taste buds

Question 4

life span of taste receptor cells

Answer 4

10 days

Question 5

taste recpetor cells synapse with

Answer 5

sfferent nerve fibres

Question 6

where are taste buds

Answer 6

in the tongue, palate, epiglottis and pharynx

Question 7

majority of taste buds sit

Answer 7

in the papillae in the tongue

Question 8

4 types of papillae

Answer 8

filliform, fungiform, vallate and foliate

Question 9

what papillae dont contain taste buds

Answer 9

filiform

Question 10

anterior 2/3 of the tongue afferent nerve

Answer 10

11th cranial nerve - chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Question 11

posterior 1/3 of tongue is innervated by

Answer 11

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 12

areas of taste other than tongue like the epiglottis and pharync are innervated by

Answer 12

vagus nerve

Question 13

bitter taste stimulated by

Answer 13

alkaloids, poisonous subtances and toxic plant drivatives

Question 14

sour tasye trigered by

Answer 14

H + excess

Question 15

ageusia is

Answer 15

a loss of taste function

Question 16

hypogeusia

Answer 16

reduced taste function

Question 17

dysgeusia

Answer 17

distortion oftaste function

Question 18

functions of smell

Answer 18

safety, aesthetic properties, communication

Question 19

neural system in the nose

Answer 19

mainly main olfactory system and trigeminal somatosensory system

Question 20

main olfactory system mediates

Answer 20

common odors

Question 21

CN V has what stimulus

Answer 21

chemical and non chemical stimulus - protective

Question 22

olfactory cleft is where

Answer 22

7cm into the nasal cavity from the nostril

Question 23

how much of the air reaches to olfactory neuroepithelium

Answer 23

15%

Question 24

olfactory epitheliu is

Answer 24

pseudostratified columnar

Question 25

anosmia

Answer 25

inability to smell

Question 26

hyposmia

Answer 26

reduced ability to smell

Question 27

dysosmia

Answer 27

altered sense of smell

Question 28

phantosmia

Answer 28

olfactory hallucination

Question 29

causes of abnormaliies of smell

Answer 29

conductive and sensoroneural

Question 30

conductive causes of lack of snell

Answer 30

nasal polyps, rhiniis, nasal mass

Question 31

sensuroneural causes of lack of cmell

Answer 31

viral,head trauma, neurolical condiions, tumours and medications

Question 32

humans percieve sound at what frequence

Answer 32

20-20,000

Question 33

what kind of save is sound

Answer 33

a pressure wave

Question 34

acts as a reciever for sound

Answer 34

external ear

Question 35

acts as a sound amplifier

Answer 35

middle ear

Question 36

acts as a transduver

Answer 36

cochlear

Question 37

functional unit of the transduction

Answer 37

hair cells inner

Question 38

outer hair cells

Answer 38

modulate sound

Question 39

inner cells

Answer 39

change the pressure from the luqid into electrical energy

Question 40

most high frequency sound is perceived

Answer 40

at base of cochlear

Question 41

sound stimulation culminates in

Answer 41

activaty is the superior temporal gyrus

Question 42

when can a foetus hear

Answer 42

18 weeks

Question 43

when can a foetis respond to sound and voice

Answer 43

26 week

Question 44

how many infants have bilateral severe /profoud hearing loss

Answer 44

1:1000

Question 45

5 key vestibular end organs

Answer 45

lateral, anteror, posterior SCC and utricle and saccule

Question 46

SVN supplies

Answer 46

lat/ant SCC and utricle

Question 47

IVN stupplies

Answer 47

posteior SCC and saccule

Question 48

longest hair cell

Answer 48

kinocilium

Question 49

2 hair cells

Answer 49

kinocilium and stereocilia

Question 50

resting action potential of the hair cells of inner ear

Answer 50

90 spikes/sec

Question 51

maculae of the utricle and the saccule have what

Answer 51

stereocilia that project upwards into a gelatinous matric with otoconia

Question 52

if you move head to the left wear does the fluid go

Answer 52

towards right ampullae

Question 53

nystagmus

Answer 53

spontenous movement of the eyeball due to peripheral vestibular dysfunctiom

Question 54

bi directinal nystagmus

Answer 54

central peripheral problem

Question 55

motor output to the neck back an leg muscles - posture

Answer 55

vestibulospinal tract

Question 56

motor output to eyes gaze stabilisation

Answer 56

medil and longitudinal fasciculus and occular muscles

Question 57

awareness of balance problems

Answer 57

medial lemniscus and thalamus to cerebrum