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Anatomy 1 - MD > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

organization of human body as major parts / segments

divided into:

  • main body
  • layers
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2
Q

Regional Anatomy: Main Body

A

head, neck, trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, pelvis), paired with upper and lower limbs

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy: Layers

A

skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia covering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, cavities (viscera - internal organs)

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4
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable)

-what physical examinations are based off of

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5
Q

Prosections

A

prepared dissections for demonstration of anatomical structures

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6
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

they study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

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7
Q

Systemic Anatomy: MURDER SANIC

A
  • Muscular
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Articular
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Circulatory
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8
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

emphasizes bodily structure and function (clinical application)

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9
Q

Anatomical Position

A

head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly

arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly

lower limbs close together with feet parallel

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10
Q

Median Plane

A

split into left and right halves

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11
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

parallel to median plane

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12
Q

Frontal / Coronal Plane

A

split into front and back halves

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13
Q

Transverse Plane

A

split into upper + lower / top + bottom halves

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14
Q

Longitudinal Sections

A

frontal cut showing one area / group

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15
Q

Transverse Section

A

transverse cross section with multiple groups/areas visible

→ more visualization for crush injuries

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16
Q

Oblique Section

A

transverse cut at an angle

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17
Q

Superficial

A

near surface

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18
Q

Intermediate

A

between superficial and deep

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19
Q

Deep

A

farther from the surface

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20
Q

Medial

A

near median plane

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21
Q

Lateral

A

farther from median plane

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22
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

nearer to back

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23
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

nearer to head

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24
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

nearer to feet

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25
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

nearer to front

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26
Q

Distal

A

farther from trunk or point of origin

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27
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to trunk or point of origin

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28
Q

Inferomedial

A

nearer to feet and closer to median plane

ex. anterior part of ribs

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29
Q

Bilateral

A

both sides

ex. kidneys

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30
Q

Unilateral

A

one side

ex. spleen

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31
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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32
Q

Superolateral

A

nearer to head and farther from median plane

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33
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

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34
Q

Flexion

A

bending / decreasing angle

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35
Q

Extension

A

straightening / increasing angle

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36
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

ankle joint lifting front of foot and toes off ground

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37
Q

Plantarflexion

A

bends foot and toes towards ground

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38
Q

Hyperextension

A

overextension (may cause injury)

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39
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from the median plane

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40
Q

Adduction

A

moving towards the median plane

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41
Q

Lateral flexion

A

bending abduction of neck and trunk

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42
Q

Circumduction

A

circular motion involving flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

ex. shoulder and hip joints

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43
Q

Rotation

A

turning or revolving body part along longitudinal axis

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44
Q

Medial Rotation (internal)

A

anterior surface of limb closer to median plane

45
Q

Lateral Rotation (external)

A

anterior surface of limb away from median plane

46
Q

Pronation

A

medial rotation of palm so its dorsum faces anteriorly

47
Q

Supination

A

lateral rotation (anatomical position)

48
Q

Eversion

A

moving sole of foot away from median plane

49
Q

Inversion

A

moving sole of foot toward median plane

50
Q

Opposition

A

1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit

ex. pinch, buttoning a shirt

51
Q

Reposition

A

moving digits back to anatomical position

52
Q

Protrusion

A

anteriorly moving forward

ex. chin, lips, tongue moving forward

53
Q

Retrusion

A

posterior movement of protrusion

54
Q

Elevation

A

moving part superiorly

ex. shrugging shoulders

55
Q

Depression

A

moving part inferiorly

56
Q

Epidermis Function

A

protective outer surface against dehydration, injury, UV rays, pathogens

57
Q

Integumentary System Function

A

-skin protecting body from outer environment against fluid loss, abrasions, harmful substances, UV radiation, microorganisms

-thermal regulation → sweat glands release fluid to cool body

-sensation → sensory receptors (cold, pain, pressure, etc)

-synthesis and storage of vitamin D: cholesterol →(sunlight)→ vitamin D ; decalciferase synthesizes vitamin D (without enzyme = kidney stones → need Vitamin D3)

→ no sunlight = no vitamin D → lower calcium levels = fractures

58
Q

Epidermis Characteristics

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • no blood vessels or lymphatics
  • produces skin tone
  • has keratinocytes for structural support
59
Q

Layers of Epidermis: CUTE LUCY GOES SAIL BOATING

A
  • Stratum Corenum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
60
Q

Epidermis Layer: Stratum Corneum

A

superficial layer

  • structural integrity
  • hydration / water absorption
  • where new cells appear after forming
  • corneo cells / horny cells
61
Q

Epidermis Layer: Stratum Lucidum

A

only present in thick pads of palms and soles to reduce friction

62
Q

Epidermis Layer: Stratum Granulosum

A
  • rigid layer
  • high amounts of keratin
  • active and protective layer
63
Q

Epidermis Layer: Stratum Spinosum

A
  • makes keratin (water resistant characteristic of skin)
  • prickle/squamous cells
  • 5-10 cells thick
64
Q

Epidermis Layer: Stratum Basale

A
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • one row of basal cells
  • constantly dividing and pushing old cells to the surface → die/shed and make room for new cells
  • contain melanocytes (skin color)
65
Q

Dermis Characteristics

A
  • vascularized and leathery
  • dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers (tightly woven matrix)
  • attributes to strength and toughness of the skin

→ loose matrix (genetics) = more likely to experience tears, sprains, overextend injuries

  • tension lines
  • arrector pili
  • sweat glands
  • arterioles
66
Q

Dermis: Tension Lines

A

made of elastic fibers (parallel to flexion)

67
Q

Dermis: Arrector Pili Muscles

A

hair muscles

  • attribute goosebumps
  • secrete oil onto the skin’s surface
68
Q

Dermis: Sweat Glands

A

thermoregulatory mechanism for cooling

69
Q

Dermis: Arterioles

A

dilate to fill capillary beds to radiate heat or constrict to minimize heat loss

70
Q

Dermis: Papillary Layer

A

superficial layer

  • vascularized loose connective tissue
  • fibroblasts, fat cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels
71
Q

Dermis: Reticular Layer

A

deep layer

  • thick (bulk of dermis)
  • blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, lymphatics, nerves, fat cells
72
Q

Dermis Function

A
  • skin support
  • thermoregulation (dermal vessels regulate body temp)
  • sweat production (sweat glands for temp. regulation)
  • sensation (nerve endings)
  • sebaceous glands (oily lubricant - sebum)
  • hair production
73
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)

A

genetic defect in collagen harming ability to support muscles and organs

  • increased elasticity of skin appearance
  • hypermobility (bruising, loss of stability of structure, strains, sprains)
  • must avoid heavy lifting and contact sports → resistance exercise instead
  • more prone to fractures due to weak collagen in joints
  • subtypes: scoliosis, ruptured arteries/organs, heart/vascular issues, weak/brittle bones
74
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

abnormal connective tissue also affecting body systems

-gene defect: fibrillin-1 or FBN-1

-physical appearance: long narrow face, tall/thin body, curved spine, protruding sternum, weak joints, flat feet (no connective tissue to maintain arch)

-90% develop changes in heart/blood vessels: Aortic Aneurysm, Aortic Dissection, Heart Valve Problems

75
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

A

walls of aorta become weak and bulge, could burst

(rupture)

76
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

tear in inner layer of aorta allowing blood to enter → extending the tear

  • possible wall rupture
  • can be fatal
77
Q

Heart Valve Problems

A

Marfan Syndrome causes valve tissue to become weak

-valves do not close tightly

→ leaks and back flow of blood = heart works harder → enlarged heart = cardiomyopathy + heart failure

-abnormal heart rhythm: mitral valve prolapse

-intracranial bleeding: ruptured brain aneurysm

78
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue and stored fat

  • adipose tissue provides for most of body’s fat storage → protects from compression of bony prominences
  • contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatics and cutaneous nerves
  • participates in thermoregulation (insulation)
79
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue: Deep Fascia

A

wrapping, packing, insulating deep structures of the body

  • dense connective tissue layer of fat
  • covers most of the body
  • thickness varies
80
Q

Deep Fascia: Fascial Compartments

A

groups of muscles with similar function sharing nerve supply (in the limbs)

-separated by intermuscular septa (thick sheets of deep fascia)

81
Q

Deep Fascia: Subserous Fascia

A

varying fatty tissue

-between internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes of body cavities

→ endothoracic, endoabdominal, endopelvic

82
Q

Deep Fascia: Bursae

A

sacs of serous membrane

-reduce friction

-subcutaneous bursae: between skin and bone

-subfascial bursae: beneath deep fascia

-subtendinous bursae: tendons over bone

-synovial tendon sheaths: elongated bursae that wrap around tendons

83
Q

Primary Skin Barriers

A

-chemical barriers (low pH slows bacterial growth)

-biological barriers (antibiotics made by neutrophils) → Langerhans’ cells: macrophages on epidermis

-physical barriers than CAN pass through skin: lipid solubles (O2, CO2), oleoresins (poison), solvents (paint thinner), heavy metal salts (lead, mercury, nickel)

→ FENTANYL can easily pass through the skin

84
Q

Protection against dehydration, mechanical injury, pathogens, UV light

A

Epidermis

85
Q

Protection against blood loss

A

Epidermis and Dermis

86
Q

Synthesis of pigments and Vitamin D

A

Epidermis and Dermis

87
Q

Temperature regulation via vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering

A

Dermis and Hypodermis

88
Q

Absorption of some O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), certain steroid hormones and some toxic substances

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

89
Q

Elimination of wastes, salts, water, urea

A

Epidermis and Dermis

90
Q

Sensory reception for touch, temperature, pain, pressure and stretch

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

91
Q

Macule

A

flat, nonpalpable change in skin color

< 1cm w/ fine borders

-ex. freckles, measles, petechiae

92
Q

Patch

A

flat, nonpalpable change in skin color

>1 cm w/ irregular borders

ex. mongolian spots, port wine stains, vitiligo

93
Q

Papule

A

solid, palpable mass w/ fine border

< 0.5cm

ex. elevated moles and warts

94
Q

Plaque

A

groups of papules

ex. psoriasis, keratosis, lichen planus

95
Q

Nodule

A

elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis

0.5-2cm w/ fine borders

-ex, small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma

96
Q

Tumor

A

elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis

>2cm

ex. large lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma

97
Q

Vesicle

A

elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls

<0.5cm w/ fine borders

ex. herpes, chickenpox, poison ivy, small burn blisters

98
Q

Bulla

A

elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls

>0.5cm w/ fine borders

-ex. contact dermatitis, friction blisters, large burn blisters

99
Q

Wheal

A

elevated reddish area w/ irregular borders caused by diffused fluid in tissues

-size varies

ex. insect bite, hives (allergic reaction)

100
Q

Pustule

A

elevated, pus filled vesicle or bulla with fine border

-size varies

ex. acne, impetigo, carbuncles (large boils)

101
Q

Benign

A

not serious

-common in 30% of caucasians

102
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

dome shaped nodules with ulcer in the center

  • stratum basal layer
  • 99% curable
103
Q

Malignant

A

can start on skin and invade to other areas within the body

-risk factor → overexposure to UV radiation

104
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

stratum spinosum layer

  • grows rapidly / metastasizes if not removed
  • small, red rounded elevation
105
Q

Melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

  • arise from pre-existing moles (spreading black or brown patches)
  • poor survival rates if lesion >4mm thick
  • ABCD rule
  • Asymmetry
  • Border irregularity
  • Color
  • Diameter
106
Q

First Degree Burn

A

epidermis damaged

  • redness, swelling, pain
  • ex. sunburn (2-3 days healing)
107
Q

Second Degree Burn

A

epidermis and upper dermis

-ex. blistering (3-4 weeks healing)

108
Q

Third Degree Burn

A

entire skin thickness damaged

  • ex. chemical burn
  • outcomes: muscle atrophy, nerve damage, death

Anatomy 1 - MD (6 decks)

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