Week 1 Flashcards
Regional Anatomy
organization of human body as major parts / segments
divided into:
- main body
- layers
Regional Anatomy: Main Body
head, neck, trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, pelvis), paired with upper and lower limbs
Regional Anatomy: Layers
skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia covering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, cavities (viscera - internal organs)
Surface Anatomy
what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable)
-what physical examinations are based off of
Prosections
prepared dissections for demonstration of anatomical structures
Systemic Anatomy
they study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions
Systemic Anatomy: MURDER SANIC
- Muscular
- Urinary
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Articular
- Nervous
- Integumentary
- Circulatory
Clinical Anatomy
emphasizes bodily structure and function (clinical application)
Anatomical Position
head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly
arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly
lower limbs close together with feet parallel
Median Plane
split into left and right halves
Sagittal Plane
parallel to median plane
Frontal / Coronal Plane
split into front and back halves
Transverse Plane
split into upper + lower / top + bottom halves
Longitudinal Sections
frontal cut showing one area / group
Transverse Section
transverse cross section with multiple groups/areas visible
→ more visualization for crush injuries
Oblique Section
transverse cut at an angle
Superficial
near surface
Intermediate
between superficial and deep
Deep
farther from the surface
Medial
near median plane
Lateral
farther from median plane
Posterior (dorsal)
nearer to back
Superior (cranial)
nearer to head
Inferior (caudal)
nearer to feet
Anterior (ventral)
nearer to front
Distal
farther from trunk or point of origin
Proximal
nearer to trunk or point of origin
Inferomedial
nearer to feet and closer to median plane
ex. anterior part of ribs
Bilateral
both sides
ex. kidneys
Unilateral
one side
ex. spleen
Ipsilateral
same side
Superolateral
nearer to head and farther from median plane
Contralateral
opposite side
Flexion
bending / decreasing angle
Extension
straightening / increasing angle
Dorsiflexion
ankle joint lifting front of foot and toes off ground
Plantarflexion
bends foot and toes towards ground
Hyperextension
overextension (may cause injury)
Abduction
moving away from the median plane
Adduction
moving towards the median plane
Lateral flexion
bending abduction of neck and trunk
Circumduction
circular motion involving flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
ex. shoulder and hip joints
Rotation
turning or revolving body part along longitudinal axis
Medial Rotation (internal)
anterior surface of limb closer to median plane
Lateral Rotation (external)
anterior surface of limb away from median plane
Pronation
medial rotation of palm so its dorsum faces anteriorly
Supination
lateral rotation (anatomical position)
Eversion
moving sole of foot away from median plane
Inversion
moving sole of foot toward median plane
Opposition
1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit
ex. pinch, buttoning a shirt
Reposition
moving digits back to anatomical position
Protrusion
anteriorly moving forward
ex. chin, lips, tongue moving forward
Retrusion
posterior movement of protrusion
Elevation
moving part superiorly
ex. shrugging shoulders
Depression
moving part inferiorly
Epidermis Function
protective outer surface against dehydration, injury, UV rays, pathogens
Integumentary System Function
-skin protecting body from outer environment against fluid loss, abrasions, harmful substances, UV radiation, microorganisms
-thermal regulation → sweat glands release fluid to cool body
-sensation → sensory receptors (cold, pain, pressure, etc)
-synthesis and storage of vitamin D: cholesterol →(sunlight)→ vitamin D ; decalciferase synthesizes vitamin D (without enzyme = kidney stones → need Vitamin D3)
→ no sunlight = no vitamin D → lower calcium levels = fractures
Epidermis Characteristics
- stratified squamous epithelium
- no blood vessels or lymphatics
- produces skin tone
- has keratinocytes for structural support
Layers of Epidermis: CUTE LUCY GOES SAIL BOATING
- Stratum Corenum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
Epidermis Layer: Stratum Corneum
superficial layer
- structural integrity
- hydration / water absorption
- where new cells appear after forming
- corneo cells / horny cells
Epidermis Layer: Stratum Lucidum
only present in thick pads of palms and soles to reduce friction
Epidermis Layer: Stratum Granulosum
- rigid layer
- high amounts of keratin
- active and protective layer
Epidermis Layer: Stratum Spinosum
- makes keratin (water resistant characteristic of skin)
- prickle/squamous cells
- 5-10 cells thick
Epidermis Layer: Stratum Basale
- deepest layer of epidermis
- one row of basal cells
- constantly dividing and pushing old cells to the surface → die/shed and make room for new cells
- contain melanocytes (skin color)
Dermis Characteristics
- vascularized and leathery
- dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers (tightly woven matrix)
- attributes to strength and toughness of the skin
→ loose matrix (genetics) = more likely to experience tears, sprains, overextend injuries
- tension lines
- arrector pili
- sweat glands
- arterioles
Dermis: Tension Lines
made of elastic fibers (parallel to flexion)
Dermis: Arrector Pili Muscles
hair muscles
- attribute goosebumps
- secrete oil onto the skin’s surface
Dermis: Sweat Glands
thermoregulatory mechanism for cooling
Dermis: Arterioles
dilate to fill capillary beds to radiate heat or constrict to minimize heat loss
Dermis: Papillary Layer
superficial layer
- vascularized loose connective tissue
- fibroblasts, fat cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels
Dermis: Reticular Layer
deep layer
- thick (bulk of dermis)
- blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, lymphatics, nerves, fat cells
Dermis Function
- skin support
- thermoregulation (dermal vessels regulate body temp)
- sweat production (sweat glands for temp. regulation)
- sensation (nerve endings)
- sebaceous glands (oily lubricant - sebum)
- hair production
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
genetic defect in collagen harming ability to support muscles and organs
- increased elasticity of skin appearance
- hypermobility (bruising, loss of stability of structure, strains, sprains)
- must avoid heavy lifting and contact sports → resistance exercise instead
- more prone to fractures due to weak collagen in joints
- subtypes: scoliosis, ruptured arteries/organs, heart/vascular issues, weak/brittle bones
Marfan Syndrome
abnormal connective tissue also affecting body systems
-gene defect: fibrillin-1 or FBN-1
-physical appearance: long narrow face, tall/thin body, curved spine, protruding sternum, weak joints, flat feet (no connective tissue to maintain arch)
-90% develop changes in heart/blood vessels: Aortic Aneurysm, Aortic Dissection, Heart Valve Problems
Aortic Aneurysm
walls of aorta become weak and bulge, could burst
(rupture)
Aortic Dissection
tear in inner layer of aorta allowing blood to enter → extending the tear
- possible wall rupture
- can be fatal
Heart Valve Problems
Marfan Syndrome causes valve tissue to become weak
-valves do not close tightly
→ leaks and back flow of blood = heart works harder → enlarged heart = cardiomyopathy + heart failure
-abnormal heart rhythm: mitral valve prolapse
-intracranial bleeding: ruptured brain aneurysm
Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis
loose connective tissue and stored fat
- adipose tissue provides for most of body’s fat storage → protects from compression of bony prominences
- contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatics and cutaneous nerves
- participates in thermoregulation (insulation)
Subcutaneous Tissue: Deep Fascia
wrapping, packing, insulating deep structures of the body
- dense connective tissue layer of fat
- covers most of the body
- thickness varies
Deep Fascia: Fascial Compartments
groups of muscles with similar function sharing nerve supply (in the limbs)
-separated by intermuscular septa (thick sheets of deep fascia)
Deep Fascia: Subserous Fascia
varying fatty tissue
-between internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes of body cavities
→ endothoracic, endoabdominal, endopelvic
Deep Fascia: Bursae
sacs of serous membrane
-reduce friction
-subcutaneous bursae: between skin and bone
-subfascial bursae: beneath deep fascia
-subtendinous bursae: tendons over bone
-synovial tendon sheaths: elongated bursae that wrap around tendons
Primary Skin Barriers
-chemical barriers (low pH slows bacterial growth)
-biological barriers (antibiotics made by neutrophils) → Langerhans’ cells: macrophages on epidermis
-physical barriers than CAN pass through skin: lipid solubles (O2, CO2), oleoresins (poison), solvents (paint thinner), heavy metal salts (lead, mercury, nickel)
→ FENTANYL can easily pass through the skin
Protection against dehydration, mechanical injury, pathogens, UV light
Epidermis
Protection against blood loss
Epidermis and Dermis
Synthesis of pigments and Vitamin D
Epidermis and Dermis
Temperature regulation via vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering
Dermis and Hypodermis
Absorption of some O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), certain steroid hormones and some toxic substances
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
Elimination of wastes, salts, water, urea
Epidermis and Dermis
Sensory reception for touch, temperature, pain, pressure and stretch
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
Macule
flat, nonpalpable change in skin color
< 1cm w/ fine borders
-ex. freckles, measles, petechiae
Patch
flat, nonpalpable change in skin color
>1 cm w/ irregular borders
ex. mongolian spots, port wine stains, vitiligo
Papule
solid, palpable mass w/ fine border
< 0.5cm
ex. elevated moles and warts
Plaque
groups of papules
ex. psoriasis, keratosis, lichen planus
Nodule
elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis
0.5-2cm w/ fine borders
-ex, small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma
Tumor
elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis
>2cm
ex. large lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma
Vesicle
elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls
<0.5cm w/ fine borders
ex. herpes, chickenpox, poison ivy, small burn blisters
Bulla
elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls
>0.5cm w/ fine borders
-ex. contact dermatitis, friction blisters, large burn blisters
Wheal
elevated reddish area w/ irregular borders caused by diffused fluid in tissues
-size varies
ex. insect bite, hives (allergic reaction)
Pustule
elevated, pus filled vesicle or bulla with fine border
-size varies
ex. acne, impetigo, carbuncles (large boils)
Benign
not serious
-common in 30% of caucasians
Basal Cell Carcinoma
dome shaped nodules with ulcer in the center
- stratum basal layer
- 99% curable
Malignant
can start on skin and invade to other areas within the body
-risk factor → overexposure to UV radiation
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
stratum spinosum layer
- grows rapidly / metastasizes if not removed
- small, red rounded elevation
Melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
- arise from pre-existing moles (spreading black or brown patches)
- poor survival rates if lesion >4mm thick
- ABCD rule
- Asymmetry
- Border irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
First Degree Burn
epidermis damaged
- redness, swelling, pain
- ex. sunburn (2-3 days healing)
Second Degree Burn
epidermis and upper dermis
-ex. blistering (3-4 weeks healing)
Third Degree Burn
entire skin thickness damaged
- ex. chemical burn
- outcomes: muscle atrophy, nerve damage, death
